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Geography GCSE > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

How does a tsunami occur?

A

Continental plate bounds up displacing water and waves are created in all directions

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2
Q

In an tsunami how do the waves behave in deepwater?

A

The waves are low and fast due to the small amounts of friction withe seabed

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3
Q

In an tsunami how do the waves behave in shallow water?

A

The waves are slow due to friction with seabed and it increases in weight

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4
Q

What usually occurs around a destructive plate margin?

A

Fold mountains and earthquakes

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5
Q

What’s a tsunami?

A

It’s a large wave due to displacement and occurs when an earthquake occurs at a destructive margin

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6
Q

What happens at a conservative plate margin?

A

Plates move side by side at different speeds
Plates get stuck due to friction and pressure builds up
When pressure releases, it releases a lot of energy causing earthquakes

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7
Q

What happens at a constructive plate margin?

A

Plates move apart, moving over the mantle causing earthquakes
Magma rises between plates and forms a shield volcano

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8
Q

What lava is around constructive plate margins?

A

Basaltic lava (fast moving)

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9
Q

What happens at a destructive plate margin?

A

Subduction - oceanic crust sinks below the continental crust
Oceanic crust melts creating magma
Magma rises creating composite volcanos due to pressure building up under the earths surface

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10
Q

What lava is around destructive plate margins?

A

Acidic lava - Very slow and forms cone volcanos

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11
Q

What is a risk?

A

When people live in an area susceptible to natural events.

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12
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

Natural events that cause injury/ death or cost money to repair

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13
Q

What is a hazard?

A

Events that threaten or cause damage to people/ property

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14
Q

What is a natural event?

A

An occurrence that happens without human action

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15
Q

What does the Volcanic Explosivity Index not measure?

A

Speed, force and gas emitted

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16
Q

What is the volcanic Explosivity Index?

A

Logarithmic scale from 0-8
Measures volume of tephra emitted from volcano

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17
Q

What layers make up the earth (from outside to the middle)?

A

Crust
Mantle
Core

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18
Q

What is the richter scale?

A

Measures the magnitude of the earthquake
Measures on a seismograph using a logarithmic scale

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18
Q

What is a mercalli scale?

A

12 point scale
Measures impact and intensity

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19
Q

What is the Moment Magnitude Scale?

A

Measured on a seismic scale
Measures magnitude and seismic movement

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19
Q

What were the effects of Montserrat?

A

Loss of revenue from farming and tourism
Ash polluted air - health issues
Houses partially buried or burnt

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20
Q

How is Montserrat managed?

A

Montserrat Volcano Observatory - monitors volcanos and predicts future eruptions
Risk map produced to show safe areas of the island for residents

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20
Q

Why is Montserrat a hazardous area?

A

On a destructive plate margin where a volcano has formed

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21
Q

What were the short term effects of Eyjafjnallajokull?

A

Ash covered buildings which was messy but easy to clean
Flooding from glaciers (never be able to recover)

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21
Q

What were the long term effects of Eyjafjnallajokull?

A

Glaciers will never recover after melting
Ash impacted further europe (mainly plane travel)
Roads and geothermal pipes were destroyed

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22
Q

Why is Eyjafjnallajokull a hazardous area?

A

Located under a hotspot
Constructive plate margin through Iceland

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23
Q

How is Eyjafjnallajokull managed?

A

Careful monitoring
Rehearsed and emergency response team
Radar monitoring (measures height of ash)

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24
Q

What are the opportunities from Eyjafjnallajokull?

A

Ash improved crop yield
Renewable energy and cool air used for computer businesses
More tourists due to volcano

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24
Q

What is a hotspot?

A

Very hot under the surface due to mantle rising above core in these areas

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25
Q

What is a mainshock?

A

The main earthquake that occured

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25
Q

What is a foreshock?

A

Smaller earthquakes after the main one

26
Q

What is a seismic wave?

A

They’re waves of energy caused by sudden movement of plates

27
Q

What is a focus?

A

Location below the earths surface where the earthquake starts

27
Q

What is an aftershock?

A

It follows the main shock

28
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

Violent movement of the earths surface, happens when two plates move past each other (conservative plate margin)

28
Q

What are human factors that worsen earthquakes?

A

Economic development (if lower it worsens)
High/low population density (impact on people)

29
Q

What are physical factors that worsen earthquakes?

A

Topography - mountains (landslides), coastal areas (tsunami)

29
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

In coastal areas/ near rivers, land becomes saturated which causes it to act like a liquid. Buildings can sink and enhances shaking of ground

30
Q

What was the cause of Nepal’s earthquake?

A

It’s located on a conservative plate margin

31
Q

What was the impact of the Nepal earthquake?

A

Loss of household energy
Low levels of drinking water
Limited capacity for supplies or leaving (airport)
Landslides cut roads out

31
Q

What is the issue with low levels of drinking water in a natural disaster?

A

This can cause an easier spread of disease

32
Q

How was Nepal earthquake managed?

A

Specialist earthquake response team help from china
Temporary houses built
Red cross have been preparing and are trained for earthquakes

33
Q

What was the cause for Kobe earthquake?

A

Philippines plate sub-ducted under Eurasian plate
Located on destructive plate margin

34
Q

What was the impacts of the Kobe earthquake?

A

Fires caused by broken pipes (health issues and high repair costs)
Electricity, water and gas supplies disrupted
Houses and buildings destroyed

35
Q

What management was done for Kobe earthquake?

A

More modern buildings built
Increased number in seismic equipment usage
New buildings to attract people back who left

36
Q

Which country is a HIC and which is a LIC (Kobe and Nepal)?

A

Kobe is a HIC and Nepal is a LIC

36
Q

How were buildings improved since the Kobe earthquake?

A

They used fire resistant materials and had more stable foundation

36
Q

What comparisons can you make between Kobe and Nepal earthquakes?

A

Nepals quality of life would increase slowly due to cost of buildings
Kobe has better warning and response systems
Kobe has more money to spend on recovery

37
Q

What is radon gas sensor when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?

A

Radon is released more during the build up to an earthquake

37
Q

What is water table when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?

A

Levels of water rise/ fall due to stress before an earthquake

38
Q

What is levelling when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?

A

Surveys movement across a fault line

38
Q

What is Satellite surveying when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?

A

Surveys plate movement and small changes of the earth’s surface

38
Q

What is Seisometer when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?

A

Computer detects the epicentre from shockwaves of a earthquake

39
Q

What is laser reflector when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?

A

Laser beams across fault zone detects movement

40
Q

What is strain meter when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?

A

Measures the stretching and compression of the earths crust

40
Q

What are trade winds and what direction do the move?

A

They move from east to west and converge near the equator

40
Q

What is gravity, magnet and resistance meter when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?

A

Measures changes in rocks during the build up to an earthquake as stress increases

40
Q

How do tropical storms form?

A

Energy is drawn from seas 27°C+
The form around developing wave storms
Warm water evaporates and rises, converging to form storm clouds by cooling + condensing
Trade winds carry the storm

40
Q

What is the coriolis effect?

A

Earth spinning creates tropical storms circling effect

41
Q

What is the cause for the tropical storm Nargis?

A

Low pressure system in the bay of Bengal
Coast 1m above sea level (nothing to stop it reach Myanmar)

42
Q

What are the economic effects of the tropical storm Nargis?

A

75% of buildings collapsed
Rice fields flooded (job loss)

43
Q

What are the environmental effects of the tropical storm Nargis?

A

Heavy rainfall
Floodwater went 40-50km destroying farmland, livestock and fisheries

44
Q

What are the social effects of the tropical storm Nargis?

A

Children had to be orphaned
Lack of food and water

45
Q

How was the tropical storm Nargis managed?

A

UK sent £17 million of aid
Bangladesh sent emergency workers to deal with cyclones
Thailand sent $100,000 in supplies to help

46
Q

What is the past data method when it comes to storm management?

A

Meteorologist uses data from previous years to predict for next year

47
Q

What does the past data method predict when it comes to storm management?

A

Named storms
Major huricanes

48
Q

What is the positives of the past data method when it comes to storm management?

A

Estimates are good as seasonal changes are less likely to change between years

49
Q

What is the negatives of the past data method when it comes to storm management?

A

Seasons may go beyond predictions
Based on estimates and probability

50
Q

What is flying into the storm when it comes to storm management?

A

Using monitoring and high tech equipment to collect wind speeds and pressure data inside the hurricane.

51
Q

What is the positives of flying into the storm when it comes to storm management?

A

Real data
GP’s reading - exact location

52
Q

What is the negatives of flying into the storm when it comes to storm management?

A

Expensive
Dangerous
Only shows strength at certain points

53
Q

What is storm chasing when it comes to storm management?

A

Gets footage inside the hurricane which can educate people

54
Q

What is the positives of storm chasing when it comes to storm management?

A

Shows true force of the hurricane
Educates people

55
Q

What is the negatives of storm chasing when it comes to storm management?

A

Dangerous
Wind topples cars
Against safety advice + education procedures

56
Q

What is satellite tracking when it comes to storm management?

A

Shows size and rotation, meteorologists can predict paths

57
Q

What is the positives of satellite tracking when it comes to storm management?

A

Shows the magnitude and scale
Shows travel and helps prediction

58
Q

What is the negatives of satellite tracking when it comes to storm management?

A

Can’t rely on location in 5 days as ocean temperature changes regularly

Geography GCSE (4 decks)

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