Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Geography > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of risk management strategies and how were they used in Australia (2019-20)

A

Mitigation = Fuel management + back burning
Adaptation = Greenbreaks, vegetation management
Preparation = Defensible space, emergency kits
Prevention = Public awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Impacts of Australia 2019-20

A
  • 5,900 buildings destroyed (2,800 homes)
  • 34 deaths
  • Burnt 24.3m hectares
  • Millions of animals killed
  • Erased A$2.8bn from the tourism sector
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Responses to Australia 2019-20

A
  • $2bn recovery fund
  • Fire-fighters helping
  • $200m to help native wildlife + habitats
  • Residents taking holidays in affected areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What were some of the reasons that made the Haiti earthquake so bad?

A
  • Poverty
  • Poor infrastructure
  • Location
  • Political issues
  • Hurricanes
  • Housing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What were some of the reasons Cite’ Soliel was so badly affected by the 2010 earthquake?

A

Cite’ Soliel was the last place to recieve emergency supplies, and the hurricane sparked a massive increase in crime. The damage also compounded over 4 hurricanes in a six month period.

However, there was not too many fatalities because there is alot of tin shacks that are not very tall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What were some primary impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

195mph winds
7,000 killed
1.9m left homeless
Waves up to 7m!
400mm of rainfall
33m coconut trees destroyed
1.1m tonnes of crop destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What were some secondary impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

A

Roads blocked by landslides from flooding
Lack of clean water caused disease
33m coconut trees + 1.1m tonnes of crop destroyed led to 3/4 of farmers loosing their source of income!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What were some short-term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

800k evacuated
Medical supplies sent out
Warning from president
Curfew to prevent looting
Power restored within a week
$1.5bn in foreign aid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were some long-term responses to Typhoon Haiyan?

A

“Build Back Better” scheme where buildings had to comply with set standards.

No build zone in vunerable areas

Replanting of mangroves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Primary impacts of Hurricane Sandy

A

100mph winds
286 killed
$70bn in economic damage
8.5m homes loosing power
Damage to air quality in New York City

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Secondary impacts of Hurricane Sandy

A

Storm surge
18,000 flights cancelled (NOT ICELAND)
Tide rose by 10m
Water pollution caused disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Primary responses to Hurricane Sandy

A

4,000 American Red Cross workers deployed
74,000 overnight stays
17m meals provided
65 disaster recovery centres set up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Secondary responses to Hurricane Sandy

A

Rebuilding with vunerabilities in mind - costed $50bn
$95.2m donated
Rebuilding together programme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Primary impacts of 2011 Sendai earthquake

A

15,894 died
26,152 injured
130,000 displaced
332,295 buildings destroyed
2,126 roads, 56 bridges, 11 hospitals destroyed
4.4m left without electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Secondary impacts of 2011 Sendai earthquake

A

$235bn economic damage
Tsunami - waves up to 40m, killed thousands.
Tsuami polluted up to 6 miles inland
7 reactor meltdowns, 8x normal radiation
Rural areas isolated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of boundary does Iceland sit on?

A

A constructive plate boundary. Iceland is a volcanic island formed by thousands of years of volcanic eruptions. pretty cool tbh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some primary impacts of Eyjafallajokul (E15)?

A

0 deaths! 800 residents evacuated
Thick deposits of ash into the sky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some secondary impacts of Eyjafallajokul (E15)?

A

Floods caused by melting glaciers
95,000 flights cancelled
Affected 10m passengers
This cost £3bn worldwide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of eruption was Mount Merapi 2010?
What plate boundary does it sit on?

A

Vulcanian eruption (frequent and violent)
Destructive plate boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some primary impacts of the 2010 Mount Merapi eruption?

A

353 killed, 577 injured
350,000 homeless
thick ash deposits into the sky
Lava bombs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some secondary impacts of the 2010 Mount Merapi eruption?

A

Poor sanitation led to disease
Livelyhoods lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Impacts of Hurricane Katrina

A

Costliest hurricane in US history
1,200 deaths
120mph winds
$108bn in property damage
400,000 permentantly destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 5 stages of the hazard management cycle?

A

1= EVENT
2= Response
3= Recovery
4= Mitigation
5= Preparation
REPEAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Features of constructive eruptions

A

Basaltic lava
Mostly lava eruptions
Regular and continous
Little violence
Gas escapes easilly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Features of destructive eruptions
High silica content Acidic, explosive lava Layered lava + ash Eruptions irregular Long dormant periods Lava bombs - ash and dust
26
What are the four types of volcano?
Cinder Cone, Shield, Composite & Dome
27
Features of icelandic eruptions
These come from constructive plate boundaries and from shield volcanoes. They have basaltic lava from fissures. There is lots of hot, runny lava with low viscocity which creeps out of the fissures. "Silent but deadly"
28
Features of vulcanian eruptions
These come from destructive plate boundaries and cinder cone volcanoes. It forms a steep hill of tephra. Lava has high viscocity and silica content because it comes from deep in the Earth. Explosive and violent. "Clearing the throat"
29
Features of pilnian eruptions
These come from composite volcanoes and from destructive plate boundaries. It forms layers of hard ash. It is explosive and viscous as the lava comes from deep inside the Earth. They are continuous. "A deadly storm"
30
What are the four phases of the hazard management cycle?
The four phases are prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.
31
Which phase of the hazard management cycle is concerned with planning and training for wildfire events?
Preparedness. This involves education and evacuation programmes.
32
What is the primary objective of the recovery phase in the hazard management cycle?
To restore and improve the affected area after a wildfire or natural disaster. It is immediate action taken to preserve life.
33
What are some mitigation techniques from the hazard management cycle?
Could involve building deisgns that can withstand earthquakes or preparing barriers. Can also take the form of insurance to reduce long-term impacts.
34
What does the recovery stage of the hazard management cycle involve?
Restoring the affected area to something approaching normality.
35
What are the three stages of the park model?
Relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction
36
What is the relief stage of the park model
The immediate local and possibly global response in the form of aid, expertise and search & rescue.
37
What is the rehabilitation stage of the park model
A longer phase, lasting weeks or months where infrastructure is restored temporarily so reconstruction can begin.
38
What is reconstruction stage of the park model
Restoring to the same, or better quality of life as before the event took place. Likely to include measures to mitigate against a similar level of disruption if the event was to occur again.
39
What are adaptation strategies (wildfires)
Adapting to wildfires involves learning to cope and coexist with the threat of wildfires.
40
Explain vegetation management
Vegetation management involves controlled intentional fires. They reduce the fuel for future fires.
41
How effective is vegetation management?
It can prevent small-scale fires becoming large-scale fires, but if controlled burns escape control lines it could be bad.
42
Talk about the vegetation management act (1999)
In Australia, was a policy to regulate the clearing of vegetation in a conservative way.
43
Examples of adaptation in Australia
Animals have adapted to survive and thrive in fire-prone environments. They are more mobile, and can burrow an climb. Banksia plants now need frequent fires to be able to regenerate. In some cases, seeds will not open.
44
What are some mitigation strategies used to try and reduce the severity or impact of wildfire events.
Fuel management Back burning Vegetation clearing Fire resistant infrastructure
45
What are some place specific examples of mitigation strategies used during Australia 2019-2020?
NASA drone technology surveyed large areas Ariel water drops to try and distinguish fires
46
What are some benefits of mitigation strategies?
Cost effective Reduces loss of life 48% of 307 burns between 2015-19 had significantly reduced severity
47
What are some weaknesses of mitigation strategies?
Needs colaborative management Must be used alongside other strategies Cannot eliminate them from occuring Education needed (better in HICs).
48
What is preparedness?
Preparedness is ensuring that an area is able to monitor and respond quickly in the case of a natural hazard.
49
Examples of preparedness strategies
Education campaigns, defensible space, emergency kits, weather warnings.
50
Place specific examples of preparedness strategies in Australia 2019-2020
Victoria state government have a free bushfire survival planning template. Northern territory gov. subsidised $1,500 per person to buy anti-fire equipment.
51
Benefits of preparedness strategies
Cheaper than other methods of risk management. Australia only had 36 deaths. Individuals can do it themselves.
52
Drawbacks of preparedness strategies
Hard to prevent economic and environmental damage. Some methods impossible in LICs Climate change is making events hard to prepare for as they are becoming unpredictable.
53
What is prevention?
Prevention is the action taken to decrease the chance of an event occuring.
54
Examples of prevention strategies for wildfires
Public awareness (littering) Fire bans Vegetation clearing Early detection systems
55
Place specific examples of prevention strategies used in Australia 2019-20 and in America
1944 Smokey Bear campaign recodnised by 96% of Americans. The amount of hectares lost to wildfires in America has dropped by 30m since 1944. National bushfire recovery agency in Australia.
56
What happens at a destructive plate boundary?
At a destructive plate boundary, two plates move towards each other, and one plate is forced beneath the other in a process called subduction.
57
What landforms can be found at destructive plate boundaries?
Ocean trenches, Volcanic arcs, Mountain ranges
58
Give an example of a volcanic arc formed at a destructive boundary.
The Andes mountains in South America.
59
What is subduction?
Subduction is when one tectonic plate is forced beneath another due to the collision of the plates at a destructive boundary.
60
What happens at a constructive plate boundary?
At a constructive plate boundary, two plates move away from each other, and magma rises from the mantle to form new crust.
61
What landforms can be found at constructive plate boundaries?
Mid-ocean ridges, Rift valleys
62
Give an example of a mid-ocean ridge formed at a constructive boundary.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
63
What is a rift valley?
A rift valley is a long, deep valley formed when two continental plates move apart at a constructive boundary. Example: East African Rift.
64
What happens at a conservative plate boundary?
At a conservative plate boundary, two plates slide past each other horizontally, causing earthquakes but no volcanic activity.
65
What type of volcano is broad and has gentle slopes?
Shield volcano
65
What landforms are associated with conservative plate boundaries?
Fault lines
66
What type of eruption occurs at a shield volcano?
Gentle, non-explosive eruptions, with lava flowing easily
67
What type of volcano is steep-sided and formed by alternating layers of ash and lava?
Stratovolcano (composite volcano)
68
What type of eruption occurs at a stratovolcano?
Explosive eruptions, with a mix of lava, ash, and pyroclastic flows
69
What type of volcano is small, steep, and formed mainly by cinders and ash?
Cinder cone volcano
70
What type of eruption occurs at a cinder cone volcano?
Explosive eruptions, with small bursts of ash, cinders, and volcanic debris
71
What type of eruptions occur at destructive plate boundaries?
Explosive eruptions, often with pyroclastic flows and ash clouds
72
Why are eruptions at destructive boundaries explosive?
Because the subduction of an oceanic plate causes magma to be trapped, building pressure until it erupts violently
73
What type of eruptions occur at constructive plate boundaries?
Effusive eruptions, with gentle lava flows
74
Why are eruptions at constructive boundaries less explosive?
Because magma at constructive boundaries is less viscous, allowing gas to escape easily, leading to non-explosive eruptions

Geography (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions