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Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

Hazard

A

An extreme event that threatens people, their property and settlements

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2
Q

When does a hazard become a disaster?

A

When it causes widespread destruction to property and lives

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3
Q

Risk

A

The probability of an event happening and the scale of its possible damage

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4
Q

Adjustment or mitigation

A

The ability of a population to take preventative or precautionary measures

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5
Q

Predictability

A

How easy hazards are to predict

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6
Q

A factor affecting risk

A

Frequency and severity of events

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7
Q

Hazard categories

A

Geological, Climatic, Biological, Technical

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8
Q

Outer core (Thickness, state, temperature)

A

2200km, liquid, 3000

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9
Q

Mantle (Thickness, state, temperature)

A

2900km, Solid buts flows (theological consistency), 375

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10
Q

Inner core (Thickness, state, temperature)

A

1270km, Solid (iron and nickel), 3000

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11
Q

Crust (Thickness, state, temperature)

A

0-70km, Solid (Granite and Basalt), 10

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12
Q

Oceanic crust (age, density, thickness, can/can’t subduct)

A

Newer (<200 million years old), Denser, 5km, can subduct

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13
Q

Continental crust (age, density, thickness, can/can’t subduct)

A

Older (1500 million years old), Less dense, 30km, can’t subduct

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14
Q

Lithosphere

A

Top 100km of the Earth (curst and mantle) that makes up the tectonic plates

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15
Q

Asthenosphere

A

The rest of the upper part of the mantle that acts as a lubricant for the tectonic plates to move on

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16
Q

How do tectonic plates move?

A

Slab pull, ridge push and convection currents

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17
Q

Worldwide distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes

A
  • Uneven
  • Mostly correlated with plate boundaries
  • Some earthquakes can be away from boundaries due to human activity
  • 75% of volcanoes in the pacific ring of fire
  • Hotspot volcanoes formed away from boundaries where isolated plumes of magma rise up through the crust e.g. Hawaii
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18
Q

Divergent aka Constructive

A

2 oceanic plates moving apart creating effusive volcanoes and small earthquakes

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19
Q

Convergent aka Destructive

A

Oceanic plate subducts under continental plate creating powerful earthquakes and explosive volcanoes

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20
Q

Collision

A

2 continental plates collide creating powerful earthquakes and fold mountains

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21
Q

Transformative aka Conservative

A

2 continental plates slide past each other creating powerful earthquakes

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22
Q

Shield volcanoes

A

Short, gently sloping volcanoes composed of basaltic lava due to its low viscosity has effusive eruptions

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23
Q

Stratovolcanoes

A

Tall, steep sided volcanoes composed of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic flow deposits due to stick, highly viscous, rhyolitic lava, have explosive eruptions

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24
Q

The scale by which we measure volcanic eruptions

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index

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25
Primary hazards
Immediate effects resulting from the event
26
Secondary hazards
Things that happen as a result of primary hazards
27
Date of Fuego eruption
3rd June 2018
28
Height of Mt. Fuego
3763m
29
Plate boundary of Fuego
Cocos and Caribbean destructive
30
Distance from Guatemala City
48km
31
Speed of Fuego's pyroclastic flow
>100kmph
32
Physical effects of Fuego
Airport closed, 8500Ha of crop damaged and traffic chaos
33
Human effects of Fuego
- 110 killed - 200 missing - 1200 evacuated - 3000 in temporary housing - 1.7 million effected
34
Fuego aftermath
CONRED (National disaster management agency) accused of mismanaging disaster warnings
35
Fuego prologue
Scientists warned of eruption 8 hours before but it took 3 hours for evacuation orders to be issued
36
Kilauea eruption date
4th May 2018
37
Kilauea eruption ash cloud height
9km
38
Kilauea location
Hawaiian hotspot
39
Features of Kilauea
No pyroclastic flow
40
Physical effects of Kilauea
Communities of Vacationland and Kapoho destroyed, geothermal power plant closed, 32 square km covered in lava
41
Human effects of Kilauea
0 killed, 0 missing, 10000 evacuated and housed
42
Kilauea aftermath
Evacuation well managed
43
Kilauea prologue
Eruption predicted but scale misjudged
44
What are earthquakes caused by?
1. Plates get stuck together due to friction and protrusions on the opposite plate 2. Pressure builds up 3. Pressure gets too great and the plates slip, the slipping causes energy to be released in the form of seismic waves
45
P waves
Primary waves pull the ground side to side
46
S waves
Secondary waves pull the ground up and down
47
Precursor events
Small tremors, increase in radon emissions, previous earthquakes
48
Factors impacting number of deaths
- Age of building - Earthquake proofing - Infrastructure damage - Potential for soil liquefaction - Population density - Poverty - Poor governance - Depth of focus - Magnitude (Richter scale) - Number of aftershocks - Level of development - Time of day - Distance from epicentre - Proximity to secondary hazards e.g. tsunamis or landslides
49
Date of the Turkey-Syria earthquake
6th Feb 2023
50
Magnitude of the Turkey-Syria earthquake
7.8
51
Secondary earthquakes of the Turkey-Syria earthquakes
7.5 magnitude earthquake 10 hours later 128km North
52
Depth of the Turkey-Syria earthquake's focus
18km
53
Area affect by the Turkey-Syria earthquake
350,000km squared
54
Human effects of the Turkey-Syria earthquake
- >56000 killed - 100000 injured - Around 2.7 million homeless in Turkey - Around 5.3 million homeless in Syria
55
Physical effects of the Turkey-Syria earthquake
- >4 million buildings damaged - Hospitals and runways destroyed - >453 Syrian schools destroyed - Afrin dam damaged and burst (flooding and displacing 500 families) - >$100 billion damage in Turkey - >$5.1 billion damage in Syria
56
Aid given to Turkey-Syria earthquale
$3 million to Turkey, $3.5 million to Syria
57
Aftermath of Turkey-Syria earthquake
210 million tonnes of rubble removed in Turkey, construction of 300000 new houses
58
Time and date of Christchurch earthquake
12.51pm 22nd Feb 2011
59
Magnitude of Christchurch earthquake
6.3
60
Depth of Christchurch earthquake's focus
4.99km
61
Human effects of Christchurch earthquake
185 killed, 3129 injured, 6800 minor injuries, 2200 in temporary housing, 1/5 population migrated out of Christchurch
62
Physical effects of Christchurch earthquake
100000 properties damaged, 10000 properties destroyed, $28 billion damage
63
Aid given to Christchurch earthquake
$7 million
64
Where are tropical cyclones located?
Tropical oceans 5-30 degrees N/S of the equator
65
What are the regional names of cyclones?
Hurricanes in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific, Cyclones in the Indian Ocean, Typhoons in the western Pacific
66
What are the requirements for a cyclone?
- Sea surface temperatures of >27 degrees - Converging winds - Low wind shear - Coriolis force
67
Tropical storm wind speeds
>34 mph
68
Cyclone wind speeds (Saffir-Simpson Scale)
Category 1 74-95 mph, category 5 >156 mph
69
Cyclone Idai date
14-15th March 2019
70
Cyclone Idai wind speeds
>150 mph
71
Features of Cyclone Idai
2.5m high storm surge, flooding
72
Human effects of Cyclone Idai
- 2.6 million effected - >800 killed - Many living in temporary camps without secure food, water and sanitation - Increase in cases of diarrhoea, cholera and malaria
73
Physical effects of Cyclone Idai
Buildings, infrastructure and agricultural land destroyed
74
Aid given to Cyclone Idai
£620 million
75
Location of Cyclone Idai
Mozambique
76
Date of Hurricane Dorian
1-4th Sept 2019
77
Winds speeds of Hurricane Dorian
>185 mph
78
Height of Hurricane Dorian's storm surge
3.7-5.5m
79
Human effects of Hurricane Dorian
Effected >6000, >70 killed, limited water, electricity and sanitation, evacuees sent to other islands
80
Physical effects of Hurricane Dorian
Flooding covered 60% of Grand Bahama, contamination and shut down of largest hospital on Grand Bahama
81
Aid given to Hurricane Dorian
$1 million
82
Factors affecting vulnerability to hazards
- Poverty - Development level - Age of population - Location of event - Time of day - Depth of focus - Size of event - Preparedness - Precursor events - Predictability - Number of aftershocks - Government stability - Frequency of events - Adaptability
83
Positives of living near volcanoes
- Jobs - Fertile soil - Geothermal energy - Valuable minerals - Tourist economy - Can create new land
84
Negatives of living near volcanoes
- Risk of eruption - Risk of contaminated water - Mining can cause noise - Air and dust pollution
85
Why do people live in areas at risk of earthquakes?
- Ignorance of risk - Lack of social memory - Family - Place of birth - People do nothing and accept the risk - People adjust
86
Earthquake early warning systems
- Radon levels - Groundwater levels - Electrical signals - Land tilting - Erratic animal behaviour - Precursor events
87
Crater
An approximately circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity. It is typically a bowl-shaped feature within which occurs a vent
88
Vent
Opening in the Earth's crust from which magma and volcanic gases escape
89
Secondary vent
On large volcanoes magma can reach the surface through several different vents. Where they reach the surface of a volcano they form a secondary vent
90
Magma chamber
A large underground pool of molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth
91
Risk assess
Judging the degree of danger and destruction that an area might experience as a result of a natural event
92
Predict
Forecasting future events or changes
93
Prepare
Finding ways to reduce the possible impacts of natural events
94
Recovery
The process of rebuilding infrastructure and deciding what needs to be done to restore the disaster are back to normal
95
Appraise
Reviewing the recovery and assessing how well the emergency operation worked and whether anything more could be done to reduce the impact if a similar event were to occur again
96
What are some methods of earthquake proofing?
- Cross bracing - Base isolation - building moves separately to the ground - Earthquake kit/drills - Counterweights - Reinforced windows/window shutters

Geography (7 decks)

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