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Geography > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Hazard

A

An extreme event that threatens people, their property and settlements

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2
Q

When does a hazard become a disaster?

A

When it causes widespread destruction to property and lives

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3
Q

Risk

A

The probability of an event happening and the scale of its possible damage

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4
Q

Adjustment or mitigation

A

The ability of a population to take preventative or precautionary measures

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5
Q

Predictability

A

How easy hazards are to predict

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6
Q

A factor affecting risk

A

Frequency and severity of events

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7
Q

Hazard categories

A

Geological, Climatic, Biological, Technical

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8
Q

Outer core (Thickness, state, temperature)

A

2200km, liquid, 3000

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9
Q

Mantle (Thickness, state, temperature)

A

2900km, Solid buts flows (theological consistency), 375

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10
Q

Inner core (Thickness, state, temperature)

A

1270km, Solid (iron and nickel), 3000

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11
Q

Crust (Thickness, state, temperature)

A

0-70km, Solid (Granite and Basalt), 10

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12
Q

Oceanic crust (age, density, thickness, can/can’t subduct)

A

Newer (<200 million years old), Denser, 5km, can subduct

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13
Q

Continental crust (age, density, thickness, can/can’t subduct)

A

Older (1500 million years old), Less dense, 30km, can’t subduct

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14
Q

Lithosphere

A

Top 100km of the Earth (curst and mantle) that makes up the tectonic plates

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15
Q

Asthenosphere

A

The rest of the upper part of the mantle that acts as a lubricant for the tectonic plates to move on

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16
Q

How do tectonic plates move?

A

Slab pull, ridge push and convection currents

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17
Q

Worldwide distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes

A
  • Uneven
  • Mostly correlated with plate boundaries
  • Some earthquakes can be away from boundaries due to human activity
  • 75% of volcanoes in the pacific ring of fire
  • Hotspot volcanoes formed away from boundaries where isolated plumes of magma rise up through the crust e.g. Hawaii
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18
Q

Divergent aka Constructive

A

2 oceanic plates moving apart creating effusive volcanoes and small earthquakes

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19
Q

Convergent aka Destructive

A

Oceanic plate subducts under continental plate creating powerful earthquakes and explosive volcanoes

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20
Q

Collision

A

2 continental plates collide creating powerful earthquakes and fold mountains

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21
Q

Transformative aka Conservative

A

2 continental plates slide past each other creating powerful earthquakes

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22
Q

Shield volcanoes

A

Short, gently sloping volcanoes composed of basaltic lava due to its low viscosity has effusive eruptions

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23
Q

Stratovolcanoes

A

Tall, steep sided volcanoes composed of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic flow deposits due to stick, highly viscous, rhyolitic lava, have explosive eruptions

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24
Q

The scale by which we measure volcanic eruptions

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index

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25
Q

Primary hazards

A

Immediate effects resulting from the event

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26
Q

Secondary hazards

A

Things that happen as a result of primary hazards

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27
Q

Date of Fuego eruption

A

3rd June 2018

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28
Q

Height of Mt. Fuego

A

3763m

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29
Q

Plate boundary of Fuego

A

Cocos and Caribbean destructive

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30
Q

Distance from Guatemala City

A

48km

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31
Q

Speed of Fuego’s pyroclastic flow

A

> 100kmph

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32
Q

Physical effects of Fuego

A

Airport closed, 8500Ha of crop damaged and traffic chaos

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33
Q

Human effects of Fuego

A

110 killed, 200 missing, 1200 evacuated, 3000 in temporary housing, 1.7 million effected

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34
Q

Fuego aftermath

A

CONRED (National disaster management agency) accused of mismanaging disaster warnings

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35
Q

Fuego prologue

A

Scientists warned of eruption 8 hours before but it took 3 hours for evacuation orders to be issued

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36
Q

Kilauea eruption date

A

4th May 2018

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37
Q

Kilauea eruption ash cloud height

A

9km

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38
Q

Kilauea location

A

Hawaiian hotspot

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39
Q

Features of Kilauea

A

No pyroclastic flow

40
Q

Physical effects of Kilauea

A

Communities of Vacationland and Kapoho destroyed, geothermal power plant closed, 32 square km covered in lava

41
Q

Human effects of Kilauea

A

0 killed, 0 missing, 10000 evacuated and housed

42
Q

Kilauea aftermath

A

Evacuation well managed

43
Q

Kilauea prologue

A

Eruption predicted but scale misjudged

44
Q

What are earthquakes caused by?

A
  1. Plates get stuck together due to friction and protrusions on the opposite plate
  2. Pressure builds up
  3. Pressure gets too great and the plates slip, the slipping causes energy to be released in the form of seismic waves
45
Q

P waves

A

Primary waves pull the ground side to side

46
Q

S waves

A

Secondary waves pull the ground up and down

47
Q

Precursor events

A

Small tremors, increase in radon emissions, previous earthquakes

48
Q

Factors impacting number of deaths

A
  • Age of building
  • Earthquake proofing
  • Infrastructure damage
  • Potential for soil liquefaction
  • Population density
  • Poverty
  • Poor governance
  • Depth of focus
  • Magnitude (Richter scale)
  • Number of aftershocks
  • Level of development
  • Time of day
  • Distance from epicentre
  • Proximity to secondary hazards e.g. tsunamis or landslides
49
Q

Date of the Turkey-Syria earthquake

A

6th Feb 2023

50
Q

Magnitude of the Turkey-Syria earthquake

A

7.8

51
Q

Secondary earthquakes of the Turkey-Syria earthquakes

A

7.5 magnitude earthquake 10 hours later 128km North

52
Q

Depth of the Turkey-Syria earthquake’s focus

A

18km

53
Q

Area affect by the Turkey-Syria earthquake

A

350,000km squared

54
Q

Human effects of the Turkey-Syria earthquake

A
  • > 56000 killed
  • 100000 injured
  • Around 2.7 million homeless in Turkey
  • Around 5.3 million homeless in Syria
55
Q

Physical effects of the Turkey-Syria earthquake

A
  • > 4 million buildings damaged
  • Hospitals and runways destroyed
  • > 453 Syrian schools destroyed
  • Afrin dam damaged and burst (flooding and displacing 500 families)
  • > $100 billion damage in Turkey
  • > $5.1 billion damage in Syria
56
Q

Aid given to Turkey-Syria earthquale

A

$3 million to Turkey, $3.5 million to Syria

57
Q

Aftermath of Turkey-Syria earthquake

A

210 million tonnes of rubble removed in Turkey, construction of 300000 new houses

58
Q

Time and date of Christchurch earthquake

A

12.51pm 22nd Feb 2011

59
Q

Magnitude of Christchurch earthquake

A

6.3

60
Q

Depth of Christchurch earthquake’s focus

A

4.99km

61
Q

Human effects of Christchurch earthquake

A

185 killed, 3129 injured, 6800 minor injuries, 2200 in temporary housing, 1/5 population migrated out of Christchurch

62
Q

Physical effects of Christchurch earthquake

A

100000 properties damaged, 10000 properties destroyed, $28 billion damage

63
Q

Aid given to Christchurch earthquake

A

$7 million

64
Q

Where are tropical cyclones located?

A

Tropical oceans 5-30 degrees N/S of the equator

65
Q

What are the regional names of cyclones?

A

Hurricanes in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific, Cyclones in the Indian Ocean, Typhoons in the western Pacific

66
Q

What are the requirements for a cyclone?

A
  • Sea surface temperatures of >27 degrees
  • Converging winds
  • Low wind shear
  • Coriolis force
67
Q

Tropical storm wind speeds

A

> 34 mph

68
Q

Cyclone wind speeds (Saffir-Simpson Scale)

A

Category 1 74-95 mph, category 5 >156 mph

69
Q

Cyclone Idai date

A

14-15th March 2019

70
Q

Cyclone Idai wind speeds

A

> 150 mph

71
Q

Features of Cyclone Idai

A

2.5m high storm surge, flooding

72
Q

Human effects of Cyclone Idai

A

2.6 million effected, >800 killed, many living in temporary camps without secure food, water and sanitation, increase in cases of diarrhoea, cholera and malaria

73
Q

Physical effects of Cyclone Idai

A

Buildings, infrastructure and agricultural land destroyed

74
Q

Aid given to Cyclone Idai

A

£620 million

75
Q

Location of Cyclone Idai

A

Mozambique

76
Q

Date of Hurricane Dorian

A

1-4th Sept 2019

77
Q

Winds speeds of Hurricane Dorian

A

> 185 mph

78
Q

Height of Hurricane Dorian’s storm surge

A

3.7-5.5m

79
Q

Human effects of Hurricane Dorian

A

Effected >6000, >70 killed, limited water, electricity and sanitation, evacuees sent to other islands

80
Q

Physical effects of Hurricane Dorian

A

Flooding covered 60% of Grand Bahama, contamination and shut down of largest hospital on Grand Bahama

81
Q

Aid given to Hurricane Dorian

A

$1 million

82
Q

Factors affecting vulnerability to hazards

A
  • Poverty
  • Development level
  • Age of population
  • Location of event
  • Time of day
  • Depth of focus
  • Size of event
  • Preparedness
  • Precursor events
  • Predictability
  • Number of aftershocks
  • Government stability
  • Frequency of events
  • Adaptability
83
Q

Positives of living near volcanoes

A
  • Jobs
  • Fertile soil
  • Geothermal energy
  • Valuable minerals
  • Tourist economy
  • Can create new land
84
Q

Negatives of living near volcanoes

A
  • Risk of eruption
  • Risk of contaminated water
  • Mining can cause noise
  • Air and dust pollution
85
Q

Why do people live in areas at risk of earthquakes?

A
  • Ignorance of risk
  • Lack of social memory
  • Family
  • Place of birth
  • People do nothing and accept the risk
  • People adjust
86
Q

Earthquake early warning systems

A
  • Radon levels
  • Groundwater levels
  • Electrical signals
  • Land tilting
  • Erratic animal behaviour
  • Precursor events
87
Q

Crater

A

An approximately circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity. It is typically a bowl-shaped feature within which occurs a vent

88
Q

Vent

A

Opening in the Earth’s crust from which magma and volcanic gases escape

89
Q

Secondary vent

A

On large volcanoes magma can reach the surface through several different vents. Where they reach the surface of a volcano they form a secondary vent

90
Q

Magma chamber

A

A large underground pool of molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth

91
Q

Risk assess

A

Judging the degree of danger and destruction that an area might experience as a result of a natural event

92
Q

Predict

A

Forecasting future events or changes

93
Q

Prepare

A

Finding ways to reduce the possible impacts of natural events

94
Q

Recovery

A

The process of rebuilding infrastructure and deciding what needs to be done to restore the disaster are back to normal

95
Q

Appraise

A

Reviewing the recovery and assessing how well the emergency operation worked and whether anything more could be done to reduce the impact if a similar event were to occur again

Geography (6 decks)

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