Globalisation and Migration Flashcards
What is globalisation?
A primarily economic process by which the countries of the world are being gradually drawn into a single global economy or market
What does globalisation result in?
Countries becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent meaning that economic decisions and economic activity in one part of the world can have important effects on what happens in other parts of the world
What are the four significant developments that have led to globalisation?
- The emergence of large TNCs
- the growth of regional economic or trading blocs
- The development of modern transport networks
- Advances in ITC
What are TNCs?
Companies operating in a number of countries and often involved in a variety of economic activities
What are trade blocs?
A group of countries drawn together by trade agreements promoting free trade between them e.g. the EU and the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
How has the development of modern transport networks led to globalisation?
They are capable of moving people and commodities quickly and relatively cheaply. Air travel has made physical distances worldwide much less significant, causing a “shrinking” world. Ocean transport and containerisation has sped up the global movement of goods
How has advances in ICT led to globalisation?
The use of computers and software allow the faster management, processing and communication of information
What is the outcome of increased globalisation?
The global economy i.e. almost all the countries of the world (LICs and HICs) becoming increasingly economically interdependent. This has been driven by the international spread of capitalism.
What are the five flows of the global economy?
- Trade
- Aid
- Foreign investment
- Labour
- Information
What is evidence for the global economy?
- Production chains (commodity or supply chains). These consist of a number of stages (often in many different countries) involved in the making of a particular product
- Call centres for HIC companies are now largely located in LICs and Emerging Economies such as India, the Philippines and Thailand
What are the roles of the WTO and the IMF?
To play an important role in global trade foreign investment
What are the roles of the World Bank and NGOs?
To focus on development aid
What are the pros of globalisation?
- Inward investment by TNCs helps countries by providing new jobs and skills for local people
- TNCs bring wealth and foreign currency to local economies when they buy local resources, products and services. The extra money created by this investment can be spent on education, health and infrastructure.
- The sharing of ideas, experiences and lifestyles of people and cultures
- Increased awareness of events in faraway parts of the world
- Helped to make people more aware of global issues such as deforestation and global warming and alert them to the need for sustainable development
What are the cons of globalisation?
- There are no guarantees that the wealth from inward investment will benefit the local community. Often profits are sent back to the HIC where the TNC is based
- TNCs, with their massive economies of scale, may drive local companies out of business
- If it becomes cheaper to operate in another country, the TNC might close down the factory and make local people redundant
- An absence of strictly enforced laws means that TNCs may operate in LICs in a way that would not be allowed in an HIC. They may pollute the environment, run risks with safety or impose poor working conditions and low wages on local workers
- A threat to the world’s cultural diversity. It is feared it might drown out local economies, traditions, languages and simply re-cast the whole world in the mould of the capitalist HICs
Birth Rate
The number of live births in a population per year per 1,000 population
Death Rate
The number of deaths per year per 1,000 population
Natural Change
The balance between birth rate and death rate in a population
Net Migration
The balance between the number of people entering and the number of people leaving a country or region
Circulation
All temporary absences from a permanent residence. These tend to be subdivided as daily, weekly or seasonal circulation. This might also include travel for medical treatment
Migration
Involves a permanent change in residence
Voluntary migration
This occurs when people choose either to move inside their own country (internal) or to emigrate to another country (international)
What are some reasons for voluntary migration?
- Employment
- Higher wages
- Quality of life
What are some trends in voluntary migration?
- In developing and emerging economies there is a large rural-to-urban migration
- In HICs it tends to be counterurbanisation
Forced migration
Occurs when people have to move from where they live i.e. they have no choice
What are some reasons for forced migration?
- Natural hazards
- War and persecution
- An effort to force out or eradicate an entire ethnic group - this is known as ethnic cleansing
Refugee
A person who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted, lives outside their country of nationality
Asylum seeker
A refugee who has applied to become a citizen of another country where they have sought protection
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
A person forced to flee their home for the same reasons as a refugee or to escape natural disasters, but they do not cross an internationally recognised border
Returnee
A refugee or asylum seeker who has voluntarily returned to their original country of origin, or an IDP who has returned home
Examples of push factors
- Harsh climate
- Inaccessibility
- Divorce
- Ill health
- Unemployment
- Poverty
- Heavy taxes
- Shortage of housing
- Civil war
- Ethnic cleansing
Examples of pull factors
- Cheap land
- No hazards
- Marriage and family ties
- Plenty of work
- High wages
- Better lifestyle
- Good welfare services
- Personal security
- Freedom of speech
Case study impacts on the migrant - voluntary, international
- Needs to adjust to a very different type of society
- Better housing
- More to do
- A sense of excitement and possible opportunities
- Becomes aware of ethnic discrimination
Case study impacts on new location - voluntary, international
- Finds menial work in a restaurant selling Indian food
- Another person to share a room in his cousin’s house
- Adds to the number of Bangladeshis concentrated in a particular part of the city
Case study impacts on old location - voluntary, international
- One less person working in the informal economy
- One less person living in the crowded family home
- Remittances are a welcome addition to the family income
- More members of the family may be encouraged to make the move
Case study impacts on migrant - voluntary, national
- Need to adjust to a different living environment and perhaps a smaller dwelling
- Finding things to do in leisure time
- Challenge of making friends, perhaps joining clubs and societies
Case study impacts on new location - voluntary national
- Adds to the ageing profile of the population
- More strain on healthcare services
- Perhaps adding to the body of voluntary workers
Case study impacts on old location - voluntary national
- A dwelling released for a younger family to occupy
- Friends and family left behind
Case study impacts on migrant - voluntary rural-urban
- Unfamiliarity with the new surroundings and the urban way of life
- Struggle to find housing and a job
- Become victims of urban poverty
- Perhaps feelings of regret that they moved
Case study impacts on new location - voluntary rural-urban
- Another family trying to find shelter in a squatter settlement
- Another family on the streets and involved in informal employment
Case study impacts on old location - voluntary rural-urban
- Loss of young able-bodied labour
- Adds to the “ageing” population
- Likely to encourage more people to make the move
Case study impact on migrant - forced international
- The horrors and hazards of the journey which is a highly risky sea crossing from Turkey to Greece
- Extortion by people trafficers
- Having to adjust to a very different type of society
Case study impact on new location - forced international
- Two more refugees among hundreds of thousands to be provided with housing and support
- Rising hostility to increasing number of refugees
- Positive impacts for host countries who accept refugees e.g. increased labour force
Case study impact on old location - forced international
- Family and friends left behind
- Two fewer people at risk in the fighting and bombing
- Decreased labour force
Case study impact on migrant - forced national
- The anxiety of finding a new location where they might settle
- Hunger
- Fatigue of journey on foot in search of a new location
Case study impact on new location - forced national
- Hostile attitudes of food producers
- More mouths to be fed by the same amount of overworked land
Case study impact on old location - forced national
- Reduction in population numbers may create an opportunity for the location to recover some of its fertility
Case study impact on migrant - forced rural-urban
- The trauma of being uprooted from home area and losing home
- The loss of the sense of belonging to a local community
Case study impact on new location - forced rural-urban
- Another family to find housing in an already overcrowded city
Case study impact on old location - forced rural-urban
- The abandonment of another family home and farmstead
What are the post-brexit plans for management of migration?
Free movement will end and the UK will introduce a points-based immigration system. Anyone coming to the UK for work must meet a specific set of requirements for which they will score points. Visas are then awarded to those who gain enough points
What routes are the to being awarded a visa?
Alongside the skilled worker route, there are a number of other immigration worker routes, to provide businesses with the flexibility they need e.g. Global Talent and Health and Care routes
What are the main causes of the rise in tourism?
- Economic - more disposable income
- Social - more leisure time and paid leave
- Political - easy border controls for tourists
- Transport - faster and cheaper
- Communication - mass media and greater awareness of foreign places
What is the rise of the package holiday?
- Large-scale, large numbers and high concentrations of hotels and facilities
- It is the most popular form of tourism as it is often the cheapest
- There are many types: including skiing, sunbathing on a beach, visiting a theme park or taking a cruise
- Government and local people often support mass tourism because it generates a lot of income for local areas
What are economic leakages?
- Much of today’s international tourism is in the hands of big companies. This means that profits made in a particular country “leak” out to the country where the tour operator has its head offices
- According to UNEP for every $100 spent by a tourist on holiday to a developing country only $5 remain in the host community. That’s a tourism leakage of 95%
- This is a particular problem because it is usually the host community that has to deal with the consequences and potential problems related to tourism
What are the socio-cultural impacts of tourism?
- Largely depends on the type and volume of tourism
- Whilst it can help revive some local handicrafts and art, it is largely a negative experience for the hosts, potentially leading to increased tensions between locals and tourists
What are the environmental impacts of tourism?
- Depletion of natural resources including loss of ecosystems
- Pollution and waste problems
- Tourism often puts pressure on natural resources through over-consumption, often in places where resources are already scarce
- Tourism contributes to more than 5% of global GHG emissions, with transport accounting for 90% of this
What is ecotourism?
A form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial (mass) tourism
Stewardship
The careful and sustainable management of the environment on a large scale across regions, nations and even internationally
Conservation
More localised in its nature allowing local people to be involved
What are some principles of ecotourism?
- Minimise physical, social, behavioural and psychological impacts
- Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect
- Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts
- Provide direct financial benefits for conservation
- Generate financial benefits for both local people and private industry
- Deliver memorable experiences to visitors that help raise sensitivity to host countries’ political, environmental and social climates
- Design, construct and operate low-impact facilities
- Recognize the rights and spiritual beliefs of the Indigenous people in the community and work in partnership with them to create empowerment
What is geopolitics?
- The study of relationships (economic and political) between countries and the influence of geographical features (distance, climate, resources, etc) on them
- It is about power and influence of individual countries over other countries
What is a superpower?
A term used to describe a country with dominant global position, characterised by its extensive ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale via hard (military and economic) and soft (diplomacy, culture and history) power
How does geopolitics affect trade?
- Trade blocs
- Multinational organisations such as the WTO and in particular the influence of “the quad” - Canada, EU, Japan and US
- Geopolitical events matter for foreign exchange and stock markets
- Trade wars
How does geopolitics affect migration?
- Influences the direction of migration
- More powerful countries often have greater control on migration than weaker ones
- Geopolitical tensions and pressures created by large-scale migration crises
How does geopolitics affect tourism?
- Less significant than the other factors as globalisation has opened up the world to a great extent for all global citizens
- Powerful countries are a draw to tourists from other countries, in part due to the influence of soft power
- Hostilities between countries will also have an influence as well as a countries relationship with the “global stage” e.g. North Korea
