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hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

what are hazards: define natural hazards

A

a danger to life caused without the influence of humans

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2
Q

what are hazards: define disaster

A

resultant of sudden, damaging and sometime life threatening events

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3
Q

what are hazards: define prediction

A

an estimation of when an event will next occur, usually based on past and current knowledge

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4
Q

what are hazards: define mitigation

A

reducing the effects of a disaster

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5
Q

what are hazards: define perception

A

the way that we see a risk and how we react to it

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6
Q

what are hazards: define vulnerability

A

the degree to which a population is liable to be affected by a hazard or disaster

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7
Q

what are hazards: define effects

A

the results of a hazard occurring in people, the economy and the environment

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8
Q

what are hazards: define hazard management

A

taking steps to reduce the impact of a disaster

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9
Q

plate tectonics: define lithosphere

A

the section of the earths profile that includes the crust and the upper mantle

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10
Q

plate tectonics: define asthenosphere

A

the uppermost part of the mantle (80-200) miles beneath the surface. the layer in which the plates rest upon and move

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11
Q

plate tectonics: define plate tectonics theory

A

theory that the crust is divided up into smaller sections which all float on top of the mantle and al move

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12
Q

plate tectonics: define sea floor spreading

A

process by which oceanic plates split apart and new crust is formed through the rising of basaltic magma

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13
Q

plate tectonics: define convection currents

A

material in the upper mantle rises up and down. hot material which is less dense moves up. as it cools its density increasing causing it to fall

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14
Q

plate tectonics: define gravitational sliding

A

secondary form of plate movement, caused by the heavy weight of the new oceanic crust at ocean trenches

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15
Q

plate tectonics: define slab pull

A

process by which dense and old oceanic crust is pulled down under less dense continental crust at subduction zones

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16
Q

plate tectonics: define destructive margins

A

land is destroyed as two plates move towards each other and collide

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17
Q

plate tectonics: define constructive margins

A

two plates move apart creating new land

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18
Q

plate tectonics: define conservative margins

A

plates move past each other but no land is destroyed. can cause earthquakes when plates get stuck

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19
Q

plate tectonics: define magma plume

A

upwards flow of hotter magma then the surrounding mantle

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20
Q

plate tectonics: define fold mountain

A

mountains made of thick accumulations of sedimentary rock which form along the edges of continents where two plates collide

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21
Q

plate tectonics: define rift valley

A

narrow depression between an upland area on each side, sometimes seen near constructive plate margins

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22
Q

plate tectonics: define ocean ridge

A

area of raised seabed, where two tectonic plates are spread apart at a constructive margin

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23
Q

plate tectonics: define deep sea trench

A

deep depressions found along the seaward edge of destructive plate margins

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24
Q

plate tectonics: define island arc

A

often crescent-shaped line of volcanoes protruding from the ocean along a destructive margin

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25
Q

volcanic hazards: define plate margin

A

the boundary between two tectonic plates

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26
Q

volcanic hazards: define hotspot

A

site of a volcano away from a plate boundary ashot magma rises and melts through the crust

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27
Q

volcanic hazards: define shield volcano

A

landform with a central went and gently sloping sides, built up by layers of basaltic lava flows

28
Q

volcanic hazards: define composite volcano

A

steep sided, pyramid shaped landform built up from alternating layers of ash and lava flows

29
Q

volcanic hazards: define volcanic explosivity index

A

classification of volcanoes based on the volume of material ejected, the eruption height and the duration of the explosion

30
Q

volcanic hazards: define nuee ardente

A

a mixture of volcanic rock, ash, and gases, heated to upwards of 800 degrees celsius which flows rapidly downslope

31
Q

volcanic hazards: define lahar

A

generic name for material ejected from a volcano

32
Q

volcanic hazards: define volcanic gases

A

sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide, among others, ejected from a volcano

33
Q

volcanic hazards: define global dimming

A

cooling of the atmosphere caused by the ejection of aerosols, reflecting incoming radiation back to space

34
Q

volcanic hazards: define hazard mapping/zoning

A

classifying areas based on risk to inform management decisions such as land use

35
Q

volcanic hazards: define evacuation plan

A

plan to temporarily move people from a hazardous area to a safe area, which can be quickly undertaken before or as a disaster happens

36
Q

seismic hazards: define focus

A

the point within the earths crust from which a sudden pressure release occurs

37
Q

seismic hazards: define epicentre

A

the point on the earths surface above the focus where an earthquake originated

38
Q

seismic hazards: define seismic waves

A

pressure oscillation propagating through the ground, as energy is released via an earthquake

39
Q

seismic hazards: define benioff zone

A

part of the subduction zone where the descending oceanic crust begins to melt into magma. the increased heat and friction at this region created a zone of earthquake hypocentres

40
Q

seismic hazards: define magnitude

A

the amount of energy

41
Q

seismic hazards: define seismometer

A

device used to measure earthquakes

42
Q

seismic hazards: define tsunami

A

high wave at the shore with potentially devastating consequences. under-sea earthquakes, volcanoes and landslides are triggers.

43
Q

seismic hazards: define earthquake resistant

A

buildings can be planned so they take less damage from earthquakes

44
Q

seismic hazards: define retrofitting

A

modifying existing structures

45
Q

storm hazards: define eye

A

centre of a storm, cold air sinks, conditions are calm and clear

46
Q

storm hazards: define eye wall

A

rising warm air around the eye, where the worst rain and high wind occurs

47
Q

storm hazards: define rainbands

A

rising air and precipitation around the storm clouds

48
Q

storm hazards: define tracks

A

the path of the storms

49
Q

storm hazards: define latent heat

A

heat needed to change the state but not the temperature

50
Q

storm hazards: define coriolis effect

A

due to the spinning of the earth, winds are deflected - right in the northern and left in the southern hemispheres

51
Q

storm hazards: define saffir-simpson hurricane wind scale

A

hurricane scale based on sustained wind speed

52
Q

storm hazards: define storm surge

A

an offshore rise in sea level - low pressure weather systems and strong winds cause coastal flooding

53
Q

storm hazards: define landfall

A

the region where a tropical storm males contact with the land

54
Q

storm hazards: define evacuation

A

the temporary movement of people away from an area to safer areas as part of preparation for a disaster

55
Q

storm hazards: define community preparedness

A

a way to ensure that viollages, towns and areas of population are able to cope with and prevent disaster during tectonic hazards

56
Q

fires in nature: define surface fire

A

cool fire that burns debris on the ground

57
Q

fires in nature: define crown fire

A

hot,damaging fire that burns within the canopy

58
Q

fires in nature: define ground fire

A

fire that smoulders within peat

59
Q

fires in nature: define scrubland

A

ecosystems of grasses and small woody buses and trees

60
Q

fires in nature: define grassland

A

ecosystem which primarily consists of grasses in both tropical and temperate settings such as savannah and steppe

61
Q

fires in nature: define wetland

A

ecosystem of waterlogged peat and plants with some areas of open water

62
Q

fires in nature: define fire suspension

A

act of containing and stopping the spread of a fire

63
Q

fires in nature: define arson

A

the criminal act of setting something on fire

64
Q

fires in nature: define flame retardant

A

chemicals sprayed onto combustible material or a forest to reduce its combustibility to stop a fire spreading

65
Q

fires in nature: define community preparedness

A

a way to ensure that villages, towns and area of population are able to cope with and prevent disaster during a fire

geography (6 decks)

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