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coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

coastal systems: define open system

A

system where there are inputs and outputs of both matter and energy

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2
Q

coastal systems: define inputs

A

addition to a system

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3
Q

coastal systems: define stores

A

a sink - where material is retained for a period of time

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4
Q

coastal systems: define flows

A

movement of material and energy between stores

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5
Q

coastal systems: define outputs

A

loses from a system

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6
Q

coastal systems: define dynamic equilibrium

A

systems where inputs and outputs are balanced

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7
Q

coastal systems: define positive feedback

A

cycle where the effect grows stronger, moving the system further from equilibrium

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8
Q

coastal systems: define negative feedback

A

cycle where the effect weakens, bringing the system back to the equilibrium

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9
Q

coastal systems: define sediment cells

A

a self-contained section of coastline where material cycles

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10
Q

coastal systems: define sediment budget

A

the difference between the inputs and outputs of material in a coastal environment - a determination of erosion and deposition

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11
Q

coastal systems: define closed system

A

system with inputs and outputs of energy, but not material.

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12
Q

coastal processes: define fetch

A

distance over the water that the wind blows

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13
Q

coastal processes: define prevailing winds

A

the most common direction the wind blows

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14
Q

coastal processes: define constructive wave

A

low and flat wave frequently associated with swells that have long wavelengths

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15
Q

coastal processes: define destructive wave

A

wave frequently associated with storm conditions that have a short wavelength and high frequencies

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16
Q

coastal processes: define wave refraction

A

curving of a wave as a headland is reached, causing erosion on the headlands sides

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17
Q

coastal processes: define swash

A

the uprush of incoming waves onto a beach

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18
Q

coastal processes: define backwash

A

the return of waves down the beach towards the sea

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19
Q

coastal processes: define tidal range

A

the difference between high and low tide in a coastal zone

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20
Q

coastal processes: define spring tide

A

the tides with the highest tidal range caused by full or new moons

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21
Q

coastal processes: define neap tide

A

the tides with the lowest tidal range caused by first and third quarter moons

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22
Q

coastal processes: define intertidal zone

A

area of the coast between the high and low tides

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23
Q

coastal processes: define high-energy coastline

A

areas of shore where there is more erosion then there is deposition causing cliffs and headlands to form because the waves are large with high erosive power

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24
Q

coastal processes: define low-energy coastline

A

areas of shore where there is more deposition then there is erosion, allowing beaches to form because the waves are small with less erosive power

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25
Q

coastal processes: define currents

A

flow of water around a coastline

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26
Q

coastal processes: define physical weathering

A

the in situ breakdown of rocks by the action of frost, water and temperature fluctuations

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27
Q

coastal processes: define chemical weathering

A

the in situ breakdown of rock resulting from the action of weak acids contained within seawater

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28
Q

coastal processes: define biological weathering

A

the in situ breakdown of rock resulting from the action of living organisms

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29
Q

coastal processes: define mass movement

A

the down-slope transport of soil, bedrock, rock debris or mud on steep coastlines, above the influence of waves

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30
Q

coastal processes: define erosion

A

the breakup and transport away of rock and material within a coastal environment

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31
Q

coastal processes: define hydraulic action

A

water compresses air into gaps in a rock face, creating high pressures followed by expansion that can cause rocks to break apart when repeated

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32
Q

coastal processes: define abrasion

A

pebbles transported in the sea grinds against, and are hurled against cliffs causing erosion

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33
Q

coastal processes: define solution

A

chemical attack upon rocks causing them to dissolve

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34
Q

coastal processes: define attrition

A

rocks transported in the sea are slowly worn down into smaller, increasingly round pieces as they are swirled around

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35
Q

coastal processes: define transport

A

movement of material around the coast by water and wind

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36
Q

coastal processes: define traction

A

large particles are rolled across the sea floor because they are too heavy to be suspended, such as pebbles

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37
Q

coastal processes: define saltation

A

waves and currents bounce larger material across the sea bed - there is insufficient energy available to constantly suspend the material

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38
Q

coastal processes: define suspension

A

fine sediment requires very little energy for it to be maintained within the water column, therefore it will remain there for a long time

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39
Q

coastal processes: define solution

A

transport of dissolved load

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40
Q

coastal processes: define aeolian erosion and transport

A

the breakdown and transport of rock using the wind. material is deposited when the wind speed drops or reachews an obstacle

41
Q

coastal processes: define deposition

A

material is no longer transported so falls out of suspension

42
Q

coastal processes: define longshore drift

A

sediment is transported along the coast. waves approach at an angle carrying material up the beach. backwash then moves it back out to sea.

43
Q

landscapes of erosion : define unconsolidated material

A

loose deposits which have not yet been cemented together to form rock

44
Q

landscapes of erosion : define sedimentary rock

A

layers of stone created by the deposition of material. can be fairly soft, and susceptible to erosion

45
Q

landscapes of erosion : define metamorphic rock

A

sedimentary rock which has been altered by heat, from overbearing pressure, or intrusions of magma, making rocks harder than before

46
Q

landscapes of erosion : define igneous rock

A

stone created by a volcano , usually very hard and resists erosion

47
Q

landscapes of erosion : define rock joints

A

a fracture within stone, allowing erosion to occur at a faster rate

48
Q

landscapes of erosion : define bedding planes

A

separation between layers (strata) in a sedimentary rock

49
Q

landscapes of erosion : define strata

A

layers of sedimentary rock

50
Q

landscapes of erosion : define concordant coastline

A

a region of the coast where alternating bands of hard and soft rock run parallel to the coast

51
Q

landscapes of erosion : define discordant coastline

A

coast section where alternating bands of hard and soft rock meet the sea near or at right angles.

52
Q

landscapes of erosion : define cliffs

A

rock back wall to a beach created by the erosion of the land

53
Q

landscapes of erosion : define wave-cut platform

A

rocky ledge caused by the retreat backwards of a cliff further inland

54
Q

landscapes of erosion : define headland

A

resistant outcrop of rock, normally on discordant coastlines, with bays either side

55
Q

landscapes of erosion : define bay

A

a body of water surrounded by land on three sides formed by the erosion of less resistant rock along a coastline.

56
Q

landscapes of erosion : define cove

A

a curved bay formed on a concordant coastline

57
Q

landscapes of erosion : define geo

A

a vertical hollow in a rock face, caused by the enlargement of a crack by erosive action

58
Q

landscapes of erosion : define cave

A

a natural hollow within a cliff formed by the continual erosion of a crack

59
Q

landscapes of erosion : define arch

A

a continuous hole through a headland, formed by the backwards erosion of two caves on each side, the overburden may later collapse

60
Q

landscapes of erosion : define stack

A

an isolated portion of resistant rock formed by the erosion and collapse of an arch roof

61
Q

landscapes of erosion : define stump

A

the eroded remnant of a stack, left behind after the rock debris has been removed

62
Q

landscapes of deposition : define littoral zone

A

coastal area submerged by tides and the sea near to the coast

63
Q

landscapes of deposition : define offshore

A

the zone furthest from the shore, waves done impact the seabed here

64
Q

landscapes of deposition : define inshore

A

zone covering all areas below the low water mark where waves still impact on the underlying land

65
Q

landscapes of deposition : define foreshore

A

the zone between low and high tides

66
Q

landscapes of deposition : define backshore

A

the zone furthest from the sea, entirely ;andward of the high water mark under normal conditions. only affected by waves under storm conditions

67
Q

landscapes of deposition : define berm

A

ridges of deposited beach material caused by high tides

68
Q

landscapes of deposition : define cusp

A

circular erosion feature caused by waves eroding a ridge

69
Q

landscapes of deposition : define ripples

A

small ridges and depressions in the sand caused by the movement of water- waves and currents

70
Q

landscapes of deposition : define storm beach

A

steep ridge of larger material on the backshore built during storm conditions

71
Q

landscapes of deposition : define spit

A

strip of deposited material caused when a coastline changes direction or enters an estuary, but transport continues in the same direction

72
Q

landscapes of deposition : define tombolo

A

a spit that joins the mainland to a previously offshore island

73
Q

landscapes of deposition : define bar

A

a spit which crosses an entire bay, forms when there is no strong flow of water from the land to stop continued sedimentation

74
Q

landscapes of deposition : define barrier beach

A

usually permanently exposed sand ridge pout at sea, protecting a lagoon behind, once a spit connected with land again

75
Q

landscapes of deposition : define sand dune

A

a depositional feature in which sand, blown from a beach by onshore winds, is shaped into mounds and stabilised by plants

76
Q

landscapes of deposition : define psammosere

A

development of an ecosystem through succession starting with bare sand

77
Q

landscapes of deposition : define pioneer species

A

first organism to colonise a bare surface

78
Q

landscapes of deposition : define climatic climax vegetation

A

the plants which form the last stage of vegetation succession

79
Q

landscapes of deposition : define mudflat

A

area of fine deposited material often exposed at low tide and not yet colonised by plants

80
Q

landscapes of deposition : define salt marsh

A

estuarine ecosystem formed of salt-tolerant plants which cause mud to be deposited and eventually become dry land

81
Q

landscapes of deposition : define halophyte

A

plant capable of surviving in salty conditions, such as a tidal marsh

82
Q

the effects of past, present and future climate change: define ice age

A

period of global cooling where ice advances from the poles across the land, and sea level falls

83
Q

the effects of past, present and future climate change: define sea level rise

A

as land-ice melts during warmer interglacial periods, water returns to the oceans and sea levels rise

84
Q

the effects of past, present and future climate change: define isostatic change

A

a local change in the level of the land relative to a fixed sea level

85
Q

the effects of past, present and future climate change: define eustatic change

A

a type of change in the sea level that affects the whole planet, caused by the changes in the volume of water stored in the oceans

86
Q

the effects of past, present and future climate change: define isostatic readjustment

A

the surface height of a land mass rebounds to its previous level following ice melting and therefore pressure release

87
Q

the effects of past, present and future climate change: define raised beach

A

a deposit of sand or gravel which is now above sea level, formed when sea level was higher than today

88
Q

the effects of past, present and future climate change: define relic features

A

landforms such as cliffs that are above current sea level - they are not affected by subaerial weathering rather then the sea

89
Q

the effects of past, present and future climate change: define ria

A

a river valley, or a system of river valleys, that is flooded during sea-level rise

90
Q

the effects of past, present and future climate change: define fjord

A

a glacial valley that has been flooded during sea-level rise

91
Q

the effects of past, present and future climate change: define thermal expansion

A

water expands as it warms - this is why climate change could cause sea levels to rise, even without the addition of new water

92
Q

the effects of past, present and future climate change: define adaptation

A

changing ways of life and building defences to cope with the effects of rising sea level, rather then trying to reduce sea level rise

93
Q

coastal management: define coastal management

A

technique of controlling the rate of coastal erosion and the level of protection

94
Q

coastal management: define hard engineering

A

the construction of large-scale construction schemes to disrupt natural processes, in order to defend an area against flooding or coastal erosion

95
Q

coastal management: define soft engineering

A

the use of the natural environments and materials that work with natural processes to provide defence against flooding or coastal erosion

96
Q

coastal management: define sustainable management

A

policies which promote long-lasting, beneficial administration of the coastal zone

97
Q

coastal management: define shoreline management plans (SMPs)

A

policies, plans and methods used to protect coastal margins from erosion while some areas may be protected, others may be sacrificed

98
Q

integrated coastal zone management (ICZM)

A

sustainable development within coastal areas, encompassing the system as a whole, and accounting for different land uses and players

geography (6 decks)

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