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Edexcel GCSE Geography B > Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

Hazardous Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Crust?

A

The thin layer of solid rock that cases the mantle beneath

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2
Q

Types of crust?

A

Oceanic and Continental

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3
Q

How thick is oceanic crust?

A

6-8 km thick

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4
Q

How thick is continental crust?

A

30-50 km thick

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5
Q

What is oceanic crust made from?

A

Basalt (Dense Igneous Rock)

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6
Q

What is continental crust made from?

A

Granite (Low Density Igneous Rock)

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7
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

A layer consisting of the crust and upper mantle

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8
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

The top layer of the mantle

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9
Q

What is the physical state of the outer core?

A

Liquid

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10
Q

What is the physical state of the mantle?

A

A viscous fluid

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11
Q

What physical state is the inner core?

A

Solid

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12
Q

Where do convection currents occur?

A

Outer Core and Mantle

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13
Q

What is a convection current?

A

The process by which heat is transferred from the core to mantle and mantle to crust. Hotter parts of the mantle/core rise to the top of their layer. Then, they cool and sink back down.

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14
Q

List the different sections of the Earth from the centre outwards.

A

Inner Core, Outer Core, Lower Mantle, Upper Mantle (Lithosphere, Asthenosphere) and Crust (Lithosphere)

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15
Q

What is the mantle made from?

A

Peridotite

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16
Q

What is the outer core made from?

A

Iron and Nickel

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17
Q

What process heats the earth from within?

A

Radioactive decay of elements like Uranium and Thorium in the core and mantle.

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18
Q

What is a conservative plate boundary?

A

Two plates sliding past one another.

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19
Q

What does a conservative plate boundary cause?

A
  • Destructive earthquakes, magnitude 8.5
  • Small daily tremors
  • No volcanoes
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20
Q

What is a divergent plate boundary?

A

When two plates move apart

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21
Q

What does a divergent boundary cause?

A
  • Small earthquakes, magnitude 5-6
  • Not very explosive or dangerous volcanoes
  • Occurs in fissures (cracks in crust)
  • Erupts basalt lava at 1200 degrees
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22
Q

What is a convergent plate boundary?

A

When one plate is pulled under the other

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23
Q

What does a convergent plate boundary cause?

A
  • Very destructive earthquakes, magnitude 9.5
  • Tsunamis
  • Very explosive, destructive, steep, cone-shaped volcanoes
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24
Q

What is a collision zone boundary?

A

When two plates collide, forcing both upwards

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25
Q

What does a collision zone boundary cause?

A
  • Destructive earthquakes, magnitude 9.0
  • Landslides
  • Volcanoes are very rare
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26
Q

Name an example of a conservative plate boundary

A

San Andreas Fault

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27
Q

Name an example of a divergent plate boundary

A

Iceland on the mid-Atlantic ridge

28
Q

Name an example of a convergent plate boundary

A

Andes Mountains in Peru and Chile

29
Q

Name an example of a collision zone boundary

A

Himalayas

30
Q

Name the four types of plate boundary

A

Conservative, Divergent, Convergent and a Collision Zone

31
Q

How do convection currents help create volcanoes?

A

When plates move apart, a void is created, which is filled with mantle that moves upwards due to the earth’s convection currents.

32
Q

Name a section of the earth with the youngest crust

A

Middle of the Atlantic

33
Q

Give 2 contrasting example of countries affected by severe earthquakes (case studies)

A

Haiti and New Zealand

34
Q

When a tsunami nears the coast what happens to its speed and height?

A

It slows down, but its height increases dramatically

35
Q

What type of scale is the Richter scale?

A

A logarithmic scale

36
Q

What is the point where earthquakes start called?

A

The Focus

37
Q

What is the point on the ground directly above the focus called?

A

The Epicentre

38
Q

What happens when the focus of an earthquake is shallower?

A

A shallower focus means a more destructive earthquake

39
Q

What piece of equipment is used to measure an earthquake’s power?

A

A seismometer

40
Q

What are the smaller earthquakes called that follow a main one?

A

Aftershocks

41
Q

What is the hot, rising material in a convection current called?

A

A magma plume

42
Q

What are the two main factors in the severity of an earthquake?

A

Magnitude of earthquake and whether the affected country is an LEDC or an MEDC.

43
Q

What was the magnitude of the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

A

7.0

44
Q

What were the shock magnitudes in Haiti’s earthquake?

A

up to magnitude 6.0

45
Q

Why did so many people die in the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

A
  • Poor architecture
  • Unprepared
  • People were bribed to sign of buildings despite them not meeting regulations
46
Q

Primary effects of Haiti Earthquake

A
  • 230,000 deaths
  • 180,000 homes destroyed by ground shaking
  • Devastated the capital, Port-au-Prince
  • Infrastructure destroyed
47
Q

Long term effects of Haiti Earthquake

A
  • 1.5 million people homeless
  • 1100 squalid camps with basic water and sanitation
  • Cholera outbreak killed several hundred
48
Q

Responses to Haiti Earthquake

A

International aid sent to Haiti in the form of:

  • Food
  • Water
  • Medical supplies
  • Temporary shelters
49
Q

How deep was the Haiti Earthquake’s focus?

A

13 km deep on a conservative boundary

50
Q

Where was the Haiti Earthquake’s epicentre?

A

25 km west of Port-au-Prince

51
Q

What was the magnitude of the 1995 earthquake in Kobe, Japan?

A

Magnitude 7.2

52
Q

Primary effects of Kobe Earthquake

A
  • 6434 people dead
  • 40,000 injured
  • Gas mains ruptured
  • Water pipes fractured
  • Railway lines buckled.
53
Q

Secondary effects of Kobe Earthquake

A
  • 300,000 homeless
  • 2 million without electricity
  • 1 million without clean water for 10 days
  • $220 billion damage
54
Q

Responses to Kobe earthquake

A
  • Everyone looked for survivors
  • Major retailers provided supplies for people
  • Motorola allowed free mobile phone connections
  • Railways 80% operational within a month
  • Most roads were fixed within half a year
  • Stricter building regulations put in place
  • Earthquake drills practised annually
55
Q

How did being an MEDC enable Japan to help Kobe reover rather quickly?

A

They already had a lot of infrastructure in place in case of disasters like this. The government didn’t require as much international aid as Japan itself in very wealthy.

56
Q

How deep was the 1995 Kobe Earthquake’s focus?

A

17.6 km

57
Q

Where was the Kobe Earthquake’s epicentre?

A

20 km southwest of Kobe

58
Q

What are the three types of Volcano?

A
  • Shield volcano
  • Composite/Strato volcano
  • Super volcano
59
Q

How an you describe a volcano’s activity?

A
  • Active (frequent eruptions)
  • Dormant (temporarily inactive but not fully extinct)
  • Extinct (Never likely to erupt again)
60
Q

What type of boundary are shield volcanoes found?

A

Constructive boundaries

61
Q

What type of boundary are composite volcanoes found?

A

Destructive boundaries

62
Q

What are the characteristics of a shield volcano?

A
  • Low with gently sloping sides
  • Formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava
  • Frequent, gentle eruptions
63
Q

What are the characteristics of a composite volcano?

A
  • Made up of alternating layers of ash and lava
  • Eruptions can be pyroclastic flow instead of lava
  • Pyroclastic flow can roll down the sides of the volanop at very high speeds and with temperatures over 400°C
64
Q

What is pyroclastic flow?

A

A mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust.

65
Q

What is a supervolcano?

A

It is a volcano on a massive scale.

66
Q

What are the characteristics of a supervolcano?

A
  • It erupts at least 1000 cubic km of material, whereas a large volcano erupts 1 cubic km.
  • It forms a depression called a caldera, whereas a volcano produces a cone shape
  • Often has a higher ridge of land around it
  • Eruptions are hundreds of thousands of years apart

Edexcel GCSE Geography B (4 decks)

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