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Geography > Hazardous earth > Flashcards

Hazardous earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Semi-molten layer at the top of the mantle which flows due to convection currents, moving the solid lithosphere above

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2
Q

Atmospheric circulation

A

The general movements of air around the Earth due to pressure and temperature

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3
Q

Climate change

A

A distinct change in global patterns of climate, such as changed in temperature/precipitation patterns

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4
Q

Conservative plate boundary

A

A plate boundary where 2 plates are moving alongside each other

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5
Q

Continental crust

A

The thicker, less dense crust that makes up the continents

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6
Q

Convergent plate boundary

A

A plate boundary where 2 plates are moving towards each other

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7
Q

Coriolis effect

A

The effects of the Earth’s rotation on wind movements

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8
Q

Divergent plate boundary

A

A plate boundary where 2 plates are moving away from each other

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9
Q

Eye of the storm

A

An area of a tropical cyclone with extremely low pressure and calm conditions

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10
Q

Eyewall of a storm

A

An area of a tropical cyclone with the most intense, powerful winds and torrential rain

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11
Q

Ferrel cell

A

At around 60’ either side of the equator, air rises, travels to lower latitudes at around 30’ where it sinks

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12
Q

Fossil fuels

A

Made up of the remains of organic material such as oil, coal and gas

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13
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

carbon dioxide and methane

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14
Q

Hadley cell

A

At the equator, air rises, moves to higher latitudes 30’ and sinks

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15
Q

Hazard risk

A

The probability that a natural hazard will negatively affect a population

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16
Q

Hotspot

A

An area where unusually hot magma breaks through the middle of a plate and travels up to the surface creating a volcano

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17
Q

Ice core

A

A cylinder of ice extracted from an ice sheet, which is used to analyse past environmental conditions

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18
Q

Inner core

A

A solid ball of iron at the Earth’s centre

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19
Q

Inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ)

A

An area surrounding the equator where global winds converge, causing an area of low pressure with rainy conditions

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20
Q

Lithosphere

A

Solid rock that lies on top of the asthenosphere, top of lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates

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21
Q

Long-term responses

A

Action taken after the immediate responses

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22
Q

Immediate responses

A

Actions taken soon as the hazard happens

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23
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock found beneath the Earth’s surface

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24
Q

Mantle

A

The area underneath the crust which contains magma

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25
Q

Ocean currents

A

The continuous circulation of ocean water which transfers heat around the globe

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26
Q

Oceanic crust

A

The thinner, denser crust that makes up the ocean floor

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27
Q

Outer core

A

A molten layer of iron and nickel that transfers energy by convection currents

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28
Q

Plate boundary

A

The point at which 2 plates meet

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29
Q

Polar cell

A

At 60’ north or south of the equator air rises, travels to the poles 90’ and sinks

30
Q

Precession

A

The point at which 2 plates meet

31
Q

Pressure belt

A

A region of the Earth which is generally under the same pressure

32
Q

Primary effects

A

The effect that are directly caused by the hazard itself

33
Q

Richter scale

A

A logarithmic scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes

34
Q

Storm surge

A

A rise in sea level caused when a tropical cyclone pushes a large amount of sea water onto the shore

35
Q

Subduction

A

A process that occurs at a destructive plate boundary when a plate is pushed below another plate, forcing it to sink into the asthenosphere

36
Q

Tectonic hazard

A

A natural hazard caused by the movements of plates

37
Q

Tectonic plates

A

Large slabs of the Earth’s crust that sit and move on top of the liquid mantle

38
Q

The enhanced greenhouse effect

A

A process where the Earth’s surface is heated by the greenhouse effect at a higher rate due to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities

39
Q

The greenhouse effect

A

A natural process where greenhouse gases trap the energy from the Sun inside the Earth’s atmosphere warming the Earth’s surface

40
Q

Tree rings

A

A ring in a tree trunk that grows annually indicating the conditions in the year it grew

41
Q

Tropical cyclone

A

A very large, spinning storm with high winds and torrential rain that forms in the tropics

42
Q

Tsunami

A

A large wave caused by a large amount of water being displaced when plates move

43
Q

Where do Typhoons hit

A

India, Japan

44
Q

Where do cyclones hit

A

Oceania, Madagascar

45
Q

Where do hurricanes hit

A

USA, Latin America, Caribbean

46
Q

Natural hazard

A

A naturally occurring event that is a threat to a population

47
Q

Climate change - orbital change

A

cycles (stretch, tilt, wobble) affect the amount of solar radiation the Earth receives

48
Q

Climate change - volcanic activity

A

Major volcanic eruptions eject large quantities of material (ash) particles reflect the Sun’s rays cooling the Earth

49
Q

Climate change - solar output

A

The Sun’s output of energy isn’t constant it changes in short cycles

50
Q

Climate change - asteroid collisions

A

Asteroids hitting the Earth’s surface can throw up huge amounts of dust into the atmosphere

51
Q

Greenhouse effect - farming

A
  • farming livestock produces methane
  • rice paddies, flooded fields emit methane
52
Q

Greenhouse effect - industry

A

industry uses a lot of energy releasing CO2 into the atmosphere

53
Q

Greenhouse effect - transport

A

more cars means more congestion

54
Q

Impacts of climate change

A
  • low-lying coastal areas could be lost
  • affecting farming
55
Q

Development of tropical cyclones

A
  • develop at sea (26.5’)
  • at the tropics
  • wind speed (118km/h)
  • coriolis force
56
Q

Tropical cyclones - physical hazards

A
  • high winds (250km/h)
  • intense rainfall
  • storm surges
  • coastal flooding
  • landslides
57
Q

Tropical cyclones impacts on people

A
  • drown in storm surges
  • destroy homes by wind
  • shortage of resources cause diseases to spread
  • damaged roads
58
Q

Tropical cyclones impacts on the environment

A
  • trees uprooted
  • storm surges erode beaches
  • landslides deposit sediment in river/lakes killing wildlife
  • flooding damage buildings
59
Q

Prepare and responds to a tropical cyclone

A
  • when/where it will hit land gives people time to evacuate
  • defences can be built (sea walls)
60
Q

Location of Hurricane Katrina

A
  • New Orleans (North America)
  • New Orleans is north of the Gulf of Mexico
61
Q

Formation of Hurricane Katrina

A
  • formed 24 - 30th August 2005
  • formed in the North Atlantic Ocean
  • went through Florida (category 2)
  • got more energy in Gulf of Mexico
  • then went to New Orleans (category 4)
62
Q

Impacts of Hurricane Katrina

A
  • 1 million people made homeless
  • 1,800 killed
  • 300,000 houses destroyed
  • 3 million without electricity
  • storm surges reached over 6 metres
63
Q

Defences of Hurricane Katrina

A
  • flood defences failed
  • 80% of the city was flooded
64
Q

Responses of Hurricane Katrina

A
  • coast guard rescued more than 33,500
  • UK government sent food aid
  • people went to the super bowl dome for safety
65
Q

Location of cyclone Aila

A
  • in Asia
  • affected areas of India and Bangladesh
  • formed over the Bay of Bengal
66
Q

Formation of cyclone Aila

A
  • hit Bangladesh on 23rd May 2009
  • wind of 120km/h
67
Q

Impacts of cyclone Aila

A
  • flooding left over 200,000 people homeless
  • crops destroyed
  • diseases spread quickly due to lack of sanitation
  • category 1
68
Q

Responses of cyclone Aila

A
  • government gives them 1000 tonnes of rice
69
Q

Preparation for Hurricane Katrina

A
  • an evacuation was not ordered until 20 hours until Katrina made landfall
70
Q

Preparation for cyclone Aila

A
  • around 500,000 people were evacuated

Geography (9 decks)

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