Hauora Flashcards
List order of the digestive system
Mouth, Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
Function of the mouth
The teeth breakdown the food into smaller pieces.
The salivary glands make saliva which is added to the food.
It helps make the food moist and easy to swallow.
The saliva contains an enzyme which breaks down starch into glucose (sugar)
Function of esophagus
Food is moved through the oesophagus by peristalsis to the stomach
Peristalsis= This is the process where muscles behind the food contract to push it along.
The wind pipe (trachea)
closes when you swallow
Function of stomach
Muscular bag where muscular contractions churn food.
Mixes food with acid and more enzymes
The enzyme breaks protein down
Function of small intestine
Food from the stomach then goes into small intestines
This is when nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.
Function of large intestine
Removes the water from the food
Function of anus
Leftover food passes out through the anus
Types of nutrients
Macronutrients (nutrients we use the most)
Micronutrients (nutrients we need but use very little of)
What are the macro and micro nutrients
There are four macronutrients:
Carbohydrates (sugars)
Proteins
Fats
Water
There are two types of micronutrients:
Vitamins
Minerals
What is Carbonhydrate used for?
Energy
What is Protein used for?
Growth and repair
What is Fat/lipids used for?
Energy and warmth
What is glucose used for?
Energy right away
How do viruses make you feel ill?
How do bacteria make you feel ill?
Viruses damage host cell as they reproduce
Bacteria release toxins.
Difference between a bacteria and a virus?
Bacteria can duplicate itself, while a virus needs a host to survive
Explain how phagocytes work.
Phagocytes “eat” the pathogen use enzymes to kill and digest the pathogen
Explain the difference between antibodies and antitoxins
Antibodies bind and kill or bind and clump microbes, antitoxins make toxins harmless
Body defences
Skin acts as a barrier, nose have mucus and nosehair, stomach have hydrochloric acid, tears have antibacterial solution, whiteblood cells, Plasma clogs the injury
How does your body fight pathogen
1- Phagocytosis
2- Antitoxin
3- Antibodies
The cell wall
Plant cells only and supports the cell and giving it a shape
Nucleus
Controls cell activities
Hold DNA, the genetic information of the organism.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane allows material into and out of the cell
Important chemicals for growth and chemical reactions
Wastes are transported out of the cell
Vacuole
Plants have a large, central, fluid filled vacuole. Stores things for the cell and helps maintain the shape of the cell
Animal cells have a no vacuole or a small one.
Chloroplast
Only in plant cells
Site of photosynthesis- where plants use water and carbon dioxide and turn it into glucose (a food source)
Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration
Cell turns glucose and oxygen into ENERGY
Cytoplasm
Jelly like fluid in the cell
The organelles are contained within the cytoplasm
Site of chemical reactions
Define antagonistic pairs
Muscles always work in pairs because they can only pull, not push.
When one muscle contracts and the opposite relaxes.
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
2 Ventricles (Left & Right)
2 Atriums (Left & Right)
Atrium at the top
Left side of the diagram is where right chambers are at
How does blood flow through the heart and lungs
From body to right atrium (RA)
RA → right ventricle (RV)
RV → lungs
From lungs → left atrium (LA)
LA → left ventricle (LV)
LV → body
MRS GREN
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
What is a symptom?
Symptom = physical or mental condition from being unwell
What does Salmonella cause?
Food poisoning & Diarrhea
What does Gingivities cause?
Gum diseases
What does chlorea cause?
Diarrhea
6 ways of being infected?
Air, Insects, water/food, Phsyical contact, animals, bodily fluid
Define epidemic & pandemic
Epidemic: Viruses in a small area
Pandemic: Viruses in a global scale
Function of a placenta
The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy.
It provides oxygen and nutrients for the baby to grow and removes waste products from your baby’s blood.
The placenta attaches to the wall of your uterus, and your baby’s umbilical cord arises from it.
Define fertilisation
The fusing of sperm and egg
Define zygote
A fertilised egg
Define where the egg is fertilised
In the oviduct/ fallopian tubes, it then gets pushed to the uterus
After fertilisation
These two fused cells are now known as a zygote which will later develop into an embryo and this will develop into a foetus.
Uterus
The other name for the womb, this where the foetus develops until it is ready to be ready
Foetus
Name for developing child inside the womb
Vagina
The part of the female reproductive system that the baby will come out of it
Umbilical cord
This carries nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the placenta and foetus.
Amniotic Fluid
Liquid that surrounds a baby as it develops, protecting it from harm by cushioning them.
Cervix
The entrance to the vagina. It dilates when the baby is ready to be born
List 3 stages of pregnancy
1- Cervix dilates
2- Baby is delivered
3- Placenta is delivered
How long is one menstrual cycle?
28 days
On which day of the menstrual cycle does the period start?
Day 1
On which day of the menstrual cycle is an egg released from the ovary?
Day 14
What happens to the lining of the uterus if an egg is not fertilised?
breaks down and leaves through the vagina
Does a woman have periods while she is pregnant? Explain your answer.
No, because the lining remains inside the uterus – it is where the embryo implants
How long does a period usually last in the 28 day cycle?
3-5 days
When does period stop?
Between ages 45 and 55, a woman’s period stops.
This is called menopause.
Hormones
Males = testosterone (produced in testes)
Females = progesterone and oestrogen (produced in ovaries)
male puberty changes
Growth of the testicles and penis
Pubic hair develops
Armpit hair, facial hair and chest hair
Voice deepens
female puberty changes
Growth of the breasts
Growth of pubic and armpit hair
Hips become wider
Periods (menstruation) start
Sperm duct/ vas deferens
transports sperm into the seminal vesicle
Seminal vesicle
adds sugary fluid to the sperm
Prostate
adds thick, protective fluid to the sperm
Semen
contains fluid and sperm. It is basic (pH) to help it survive inside the slightly acidic vagina.
Urethra
a muscular tube that passes through the prostate. It passes urine and semen from the body.
Penis
Delivers semen into the vagina during sexual intercourse and excretes urine from the body.
Scrotum
A sac that protects the testes
Testis
A small ball inside the scotum that produces sperm
Epididymis
A tube that stores sperm
Prostate Gland
Adds thick fluid to the sperm to produce semen
Why does day and night
If the axis wasn’t tilted, we wouldn’t have 12 hours of day and night
Earth’s rotation
The Earth rotates from East to West (anticlockwise).
Axial tilt
23.5
How does season work?
Seasons occur because of the tilt of the Earth. When the part of the Earth you live on is tilted towards the sun, it is Summer and if you are tilted away from the sun, it is winter.
Distance from the sun
The temperature of a planet is determined by how much energy they receive from the sun
Atmosphere
Atmosphere= This system relates to meteorological features and phenomena such as weather, clouds, or aerosols (particles in the air).
Biosphere
Biosphere= This system is associated with living systems such as biomes or ecosystems.
Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere= This system is associated with water in solid (ice) and liquid states.
Litho/Geosphere
Litho/Geosphere= This system is associated with solid portions of the Earth.
Crust
The outer layer of the Earth made up of solidified rocky plates. This is the layer you live on. It is 8-65 km thick.
Our planet is divided up into big slabs of rock called PLATES.
Mantle
The layer of molten rock on which the crust floats
Outercore
Liquid iron and nickel
Innercore
solid iron and nickel
Constellation
A group of stars forming a recognizable pattern that is traditionally named after its apparent form or identified with a mythological figure.
Menstruation/Period
The thickened lining within the womb begins to shed out as blood and lining is used to prepare for a baby
Order of planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
Why did the continent drift
Convection currents
The convection currents in the liquid mantle generated by heart from deep inside the core cause the earth’s plates to move.
What causes volcanoes and earthquakes
Plate tectonics causes the plates to move around creating these hazards.
Difference between inner core and outer core
Inner core is solid and outer core is liquid
What happens to the heart in coronary heart disease
decreases oxygen supply (to heart muscle
What colour will be seen if the test is for starch is positive
Blue-Black
Planets in order
Sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Not eating enough fiber
Effects the intestines
What are the two ways of gaining immunity through vaccines?
Passive immunity: antibodies produced outside of the body (e.g. tablets or pills) and given to us.
Adaptive immunity: Antibodies made by the body.
How do vaccines work?
Injects a weakened/dead version of the virus it is protecting against. The body learns how to fend off said virus so that a stronger version (the normal virus) can be taken care of much more efficiently.
What chemical is used to test for starch? Also mention the change the chemical incurs.
Iodine (used on starch in a spotting tile) will turn bluish-black when used on any form of starch.
What chemical is used to test for glucose? Also mention the change the chemical incurs.
Adding 2cm of Benedict’s solution/copper sulphate to liquid food, the normally blue Benedict’s solution becomes brick-red/brownish orange.
What chemical is used to test for protein? Also mention the change the chemical incurs.
Adding water and an equal volume of sodium hydroxide to mushed-up food, along with a few drops of copper sulphate, will make a purple colour in reaction to protein.
What chemical is used to test for fats/lipids? Also mention the change the chemical incurs.
Adding 1cm of ethanol with food in a test tube, then pouring mixture into another test tube with water, will create a white emulsion in reaction to the presence of fats/lipids.
Explain what causes each of these:
a.) Days
b.) Years
c.) Seasons
2.) Explain what causes each of these:
a.) Days
The Earth rotating on its axis (note, orbiting would be wrong here as orbiting is around another object.)
b.) Years
The Earth orbiting the Sun
c.) Seasons
Earth’s tilted axis. When Earth spins, it causes it so that each quarter of the year the sun’s rays are more or less intense depending on the season. If it wasn’t for the Earth’s axis being tilted, it would just be the same season everywhere, just different temperatures. Similarly, if Earth had an extreme tilt then the seasons would also be much more extreme.
What is continental drift?
Continental drift is the theory that all the continents used to be merged into one supercontinent known as Pangaea, but then slowly split apart to make the continents we know today.
What is continental drift?
Continental drift is the theory that all the continents used to be merged into one supercontinent known as Pangaea, but then slowly split apart to make the continents we know today.
Give one proof that supported Wegener’s theory of continental drift.
You can see that some continents (like South America and Africa) have similar borders, which makes them look connected, and more importantly they share the same fossils of some plants or non-flying mammals. This meant that they had to be connected originally so that plants and animals could have crossed from one continent to another, then split due to continental drift.
