Hate Crime

Question 1

What are the 6 monitored hate crime strands?

Answer 1

1. Disability
2. Race
3. Religion/Faith
4. Sexual Orientation
5. Transgender status

Question 2

How many incidents of hate crime per year?

Answer 2

260,000 BCS

Question 3

What is the psychological effect of hate crime?

Answer 3

Individual short term or long term internal/emotional reaction to hate victimisation
eg depression, stress, sleep deprivation

Question 4

What is a physical reaction to hate crime?

Answer 4

Overt, visible response towards third party which is a) offender focussed and/or b) directed towards individuals/communty groups that share offender characteristics
eg verbal retaliation, physical retaliation, anger towards others

Question 5

What are some limitations to victimisation surveys?

Answer 5

Victims often neutralise suffering due to endemic and sustained nature of experience
Have built up resilience to hate incidents

Question 6

What singular events influence crime and predjudice in the short term?

Answer 6

Widely publicised murders
Riots
Court cases and terrorism
terrorism

Question 7

When do hate crimes usually occur?

Answer 7

Cluster in time and tend to increase, sometimes dramatically in the aftermath of an antecedent or trigger event (king and Sutton 2013)

Question 8

Why are users of social media more likely to emotional content?

Answer 8

Deindividualisation, anonymity, lack of self awareness in groups, disinhibition

Question 9

How many tweets are identified as cyber hate?

Answer 9

1878 (1%)

Question 10

Do people endorse the hate?

Answer 10

NO. More positive messages/tweets

Question 11

What is the offender profile?

Answer 11

young white male (most homophobic offenders are aged 16-20 and most race hate offedners under 30

Question 12

Where does majority of hate crime occur?

Answer 12

near victims home

Question 13

what percentage of LGBT hate crime perpatrators are under 21?

Answer 13

50% and 90% are male
women more likely to spectate
perpetrators are usually strangers to victim

Question 14

According to Levin and McDevitt 1993 what are 3 theories of hate crime?

Answer 14

Thrill seeking crimes
Reactive Crimes
Mission crimes

Question 15

What are thrill seeking crimes?

Answer 15

bored looking for fun
Katz 1988 - seductions of crime
Sutherland 1939 - Differential association - behaviour is learned, learning occurs within initimate personal groups, learning includes techniques of committing the crime, person become delinquent because of excess of definitions favourable to violation of law

Question 16

What are reactive/defensive crimes?

Answer 16

reaction to what is considered an intrusion

nature of trigger incident is an important factor eg sight of gays kissing

Question 17

What are mission crimes?

Answer 17

usually acts alone, seeks to rid world of a particular kind of people whom they see as evil
eg nail bomber
mental disorders

Question 18

What are psychological explanations?

Answer 18

Authoritarianism - Adorno 1950 and Allport 1954
Is prejudice caught or taught?
children neglected, rejected, supressed or overly critical/inconsistent parenting
learn world is not equal and power and authority are important factors in human relationships
children displace aggression onto others

Question 19

What are social psychological explanations - groups?

Answer 19

Sensationalist coverage of hate crimes causes contagion events or spikes in hate crime
media plays active role in propagating and legitimating stereotypes about target populations

Question 20

What are social psychological explanations - Shame?

Answer 20

Ray et al 2004 - offenders see themselves as weak, disregarded, unfairly treated and made to feel small
racial violence as an attempt to re-establish control
Jennings & Murphy 2000 hostility towards gays could be due to shame of own homoerotic feelings
But most men do this in fear that other men will think they are gay

Question 21

What are sociological explanations?

Answer 21

treat hate crime as a variant of youth violence and delinquency
anomic outbursts of poorly integrated individuals within society
strategies for defending against threats posed to valued identities and ways of life

Question 22

What are Byers et als 1999 use Sykes and Matzas 1957 techniques of neutralisation to explain hate crimes against the Amish

Answer 22

Denying any real harm or imjury had been done
dehumanising the vicitms and castein them as deserving of ther vicitmisation
appealing to higher loyalites such as peer group bonds
questioning the position of those who would seek to condemn them
neutralising their responsibilty by blaming other factors for what they did