Cybercrime

Question 1

What is the darker side of the internet?

Answer 1

Illegitimate use of networks
global criminal economy
facilitate traditional criminal activity
creation of new crimes
empowers otherwise law abiding citizens
empowerd small agents (Pease 2001)

Question 2

What crimes have been met with legal rationalisation?

Answer 2

Hacking, obscene electronic materials and online stalking

Question 3

What crimes have not met legal rationalisation?

Answer 3

esoteric online behaviours such as bomb talk and some forms of online violence (virtual rape

Question 4

Define cybercrime

Answer 4

Distanciated
lack of social, politcal and legal recognition
offender most likely to be soscio economically privileged

Question 5

What are the 3 categories of cybercrime?

Answer 5

Faciliataes exisiting criminal activity
new crimes recognised by exisiting laws
new harms unrecgnised by laws
Wall 1998

Question 6

According to wall typology what constitutes as cyber trespass?

Answer 6

Hacking, planting of viruses, mainpulation of data, espionage, terrorism

Question 7

According to wall typology what constitutes as cyber obscenity

Answer 7

Distinction between child pornogrpahy and mainstream pornogrphay
cultural, moral and legal varation
main reglatory focus on paedophilia networks
Porn industry we now have safe transactions so use money from that to help prevent child porn

Question 8

According to wall typology what constitutes as cyber theft?

Answer 8

appropration of intellectual property
online fraud
technology keeps changing to get round new laws

Question 9

Online fraud

Answer 9

Identity theft
duplication of digital information or hijacking of online accounts
phishing
spear phishing
pharming (bypasses social engineering software to automatically redirect webpages
smishing
keystroke loggers

Question 10

How much does the national fraud authority estimate that identity theft costs the UK taxpayer per year?

Answer 10

up to £1.2 billion per year

Question 11

How much did global phishing attacks rise by between 2012 and 2013?

Answer 11

87% 37 million attacks

Question 12

What do phishing attmepts target?

Answer 12

Email and search (30%)
Social media (20%)
Banks (12%)
Payment services (6%)

Question 13

what constitutes as cyber violence?

Answer 13

flaming/trolling
hate speech
stalking
virtual rape

Question 14

What percentage of people are worried about credit card fraud?

Answer 14

75%

Question 15

What percentage of people are victims of virus attacks?

Answer 15

18%

Question 16

How many people are victims of hacking?

Answer 16

2%

Question 17

How many people are victims of email harassment?

Answer 17

12%

Question 18

How many are victims of obscenity related crimes?

Answer 18

21%

Question 19

What increases your risk of victimisation?

Answer 19

selling on auction sites
using university computers
using public computers
younger
poorer
countries with lower internet penetration

Question 20

What percentage of males and females admitted to online copyright theft?

Answer 20

20% males 9% females

Question 21

What are pscyhological harms?

Answer 21

anxiety, sleeplessness, concentration problems, avoidance, relationship breakdown

Question 22

What are physical harms?

Answer 22

online grooming, cyber staling, hate crimes, other related violence

Question 23

Hwo much does cabinet office spend on cybercrime?

Answer 23

£27 billion annually

Question 24

What are the anticipatory costs?

Answer 24

defensive (virus and snooping software, international security standards)
Precautionary (avoiding unsecure websites/services)

Question 25

What are the reactive costs?

Answer 25

Criminal justice costs

civil costs

Question 26

What are transfer costs?

Answer 26

driect losses from fraud
from victim to fraudster
from legal to illegal economy

Question 27

What theories explain cyber crime?

Answer 27

Control theory
routine activites theory
seduction of crime
deindividuation

Question 28

control theory Hirschi 1969

Answer 28

crime in online communities - attachment, commitment involvment and belief

Question 29

ROutine activities Cohen and Felson 1979

Answer 29

suitable traget, lack of suitable guardian, motivated offender

Question 30

Seduction of crime katz 1988

Answer 30

criminals make crime enticing

Question 31

Deinividuation Festinger 1952

Answer 31

anonymity, lack of public self awareness, disinhibition