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Harshness of Versailles Flashcards

1
Q

How many people died and were wounded in WW1?

A

8.5 million dead and 21 million wounded.

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2
Q

What does Newton say about Versailles?

A

“too severe on Germany.”

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3
Q

What does the idea of a ‘Carthaginian’ peace mean?

A

A “Carthaginian peace” is the imposition of a very brutal “peace” achieved by completely crushing the enemy. Keynes argued that the Treaty was a “Carthaginian Peace,” likening it to the utter destruction visited on Carthage by the Romans after their victory.

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4
Q

Who said the “treaty wasn’t excessively harsh”

A

Henig

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5
Q

What did Britain (Llyod George), France (Clemenceau) and the USA (Woodrow Wilson) want out of the treaty of Versailles?

A

Britain- A fair settlement
France- Revenge
USA- looking to pacify- horrified at brutally of war.

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6
Q

WW1 ended leaving a trail of ……… homes and factories were totally collapsed.

A

Trail of staggering damage

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7
Q

What did Germany reject before the treaty of Versailles was drawn up and signed?

A

Wilsons 14 points

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8
Q

How many days did Germany get to comment on the terms of Versailles?

A

21 days.

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9
Q

How many voted for and against Versailles in the Reichstag?

A

237 voted for Versailles and 138 against Versailles.

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10
Q

The allies threatened armed persuasion, by invading Germany if it wasn’t signed in how long?

A

24hrs.

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11
Q

How many amendments were made to the treaty of Versailles by the German government?

A

2 minor amendments

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12
Q

Normally a criminal in court of law is present and can defend their case- why was this not the cause in Versailles agreements for Germany?

A

They weren’t allowed to be present.

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13
Q

The treaty was decided by the “big three” and Italy was also linked into the decision? Why was this odd and why did the allies allow Italy?

A

Italy was part of the triple alliance at the start of the war. They could put pressure on the allies from the south.

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14
Q

What does Stephen Lee say about Versailles process of signing it?

A

“Germany came to see itself as a victim without actually being destroyed.”

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15
Q

Who said an “unrealistic mood of illusion and aggrivated sense of honour” around the signing of Versailles?

A

Feuchtwanger

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16
Q

What does Keynes say about the politics of Versailles?

A

“Political unwisdom”

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17
Q

How was loosing 25% percent of land lost to Germany from soviet Russia not a big loss?

A

Brest-Litovsk may have included a large territorial loss for Russia, but not necessarily for Soviet Russia. Back in 1917, the Soviets only controlled Moscow and the larger area surrounding Moscow. The areas conceded to Germany were not controlled by the Red Army yet. So basically Trotsky went for a gamble: signing the treaty, consolidating the Soviet power in Moscow, and speculating on a future German defeat, leave the German-occupied areas open subjects at the Paris conference

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18
Q

Despite the anger the treaty of Versailles was not as harsh as the French envisioned it- why was not as harsh?

A

It was a compromise

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19
Q

From the perspective of the allies, the treaty did not appear harsh- why?

A

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk which Russia signed after surrendering to the Germans, Russia suffered greater losses. For instance, Russia lost 25% of its territories in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk while Germany lost only 13% in the Treaty of Versailles. Russia also lost 80% of its coal mines in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk while Germany only lost 16% in the Treaty of Versailles.

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20
Q

Alsace- Lorraine was returned to who?

A

France and areas contained both French and German speaking people

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21
Q

What percentage of upper Silesia population voted to remain part of Germany?

A

60%

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22
Q

What percentage of Germanys 1914 territory was lost?

A

13%

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23
Q

Some of the land Germany returned to Russia was made into new states what were they called?

A

Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia

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24
Q

Germany was forbidden from Auschless with what country?

A

Austria

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25
Q

How many people did Germany loose from their control?

A

7 million

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26
Q

How many square miles of German territory was lost?

A

25,000 square miles

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27
Q

What percentage of iron production was lost?

A

48%

28
Q

What percentage of coal production was lost?

A

16%

29
Q

From 1919 the French deported how many Germans from Alsace Lorraine that had settled afterwards 1871?

A

Over 100,000

30
Q

The league of Nations took control over Germanys what? - meaning the lost there “place in the sun”

A

All overseas colonies

31
Q

Danzig was declared what?

A

A free city and put under the control of the league of Nations

32
Q

The breakout of Tsarist, Austria, Hungarian empire created what for Germany?

A

New territorial opportunities

33
Q

Territories lost such as Alsace-Lorraine were important to Germany economically but not so important because?

A

they wouldn’t prevent economic recovery.

34
Q

Germany lost a significant amount of territory in the east and the west+ her overseas colonies, it largely retained what?

A

the country was otherwise intact- large Germany retained her territorial integrity.

35
Q

Who said Versailles “humiliated and scared but was left potentially strong”

A

Collier and Pedley

36
Q

What did Gordon say about the allies wish for the framework of Europe?

A

“to provide a new political and geographical framework …and had a desire to punish Germany “

37
Q

What does Colin Storer say about Versailles?

A

“unreasonable and unacceptable”

38
Q

Colin Storer suggest the Versailles was unreasonable as they lost their right to self-determination- why is this wrong?

A

Some countries were allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not (Danzig, upper Silesia and Memel land).
Land lost such as Alsace Lorraine shouldn’t have been a surprise either as they had taken it from other countries.

39
Q

Germany was stopped from having a part in what?

A

International arms trade

40
Q

How many submarines were Germany allowed?

A

0

41
Q

How many people were the army reduced to in Germany and what was banned?

A

100,000 and conscription was banned.

42
Q

Navy was reduced to how many capital battleships?

A

6

43
Q

What does Keynes suggest about the treaty military terms?

A

“death warrant”

44
Q

The British diplomat Harold Nicolson- called Versailles what?

A

“neither just nor wise” and the people who made it “stupid”.

45
Q

What does Llyod George state about the military and terms of Versailles?

A

was too harsh, saying: “We shall have to fight another war again in 25 years time.”

46
Q

What was the treaty of Berlin 1926?

A

Russia in 1926 that had secret clauses that allowed the German army to train with gas and tanks in the Russia

47
Q

After the war and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire meant what for German safety?

A

middle and eastern Europe was a jumble of chaotic, politically weak states none of which presented any threat to Germany at all

48
Q

What can argue against the prospect of invasion

A

French occupation of the Ruhr in 1923

49
Q

There was never any real prospect of Germany being invaded who in the short term, as no one wanted a similar war!

A

by France or by Russia

50
Q

Navy was reduced to how many destroyers?

A

12

51
Q

Navy was reduced to how many sailors?

A

15,000

52
Q

The west of the Rhineland was made into a demilitarised zone. No solider or weapons were allowed. The allies were keep an army of occupation of the west bank of the Rhineland for how many years?

A

15 yrs

53
Q

On the 21st of June 1918 how many ships were scuttled at Scapa by the Germans?

A

52- immense pride

54
Q

Although the German military was stripped by Versailles this meant that Germany could concentrate on what?

A

Creating an elite army

55
Q

Was Germany allowed an Airforce?

A

No

56
Q

Germany had to pay reparations to make good the damage done in WW1.Reparations would be paid to France, Belgium and Britain. The Germans had to sign what?

A

without knowing the amount – the “blank cheque”.

57
Q

What does Heiber say about the war guilt clause?

A

“astronomical serial number and almost hidden in the undergrowth of treaty suggest it was originally no programmic significance”

58
Q

Who from the German delegation at Versailles said article 231 the war guilt clause was “a lie”.

A

Count Brockdorff

59
Q

“The criminal madness of the Versailles diktat was as shameless blow in the face”

“ dark shadow over new public order”

A

Pruess

60
Q

What does C. Fischer say about reperations?

A

these costs saw Germany unable to feed and care for their population.

61
Q

When was the reperations figure set and who by?

A

A reparations Commission decided the amount of £6.6 billion in 1921

62
Q

What clause did they have to accept that they took all blame for starting the war?

A

War Guilt Clause[231]. Germany had to accept all the blame for starting the war.

63
Q

1921 Sum of Money= what?

A

50% of the total mined gold in the world ever-

64
Q

Germany was not allowed to join the new organisation called what until it was a “ peace loving country” ?

A

League of Nations

65
Q

Forbidding Germany to unite with Austria- is contradictory to what that the allies stood for self-determination that the allies stood for
Germany received more in what than it paid in reparations 1924-1929?

A

Loans

66
Q

What would be another counter argument and how would you shot it down?

A

They had wreaked Havoc and should pay for it.- although all the mess wasn’t solely caused by them and the allies had do damage back.

67
Q

What does Feuchtwanger say about reparations?

A

All Germany’s ills flowing from defeat and Versailles were encapsulated in the reparations question.”

Germany (14 decks)

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