harper final Flashcards
what is the plasma membrane made of?
made of phospholipids
what is diffusion?
high concentration -> low concentration, there is also facilitated diffusion which requires a channel
how many chromosomes do body cells have?
46
how many chromosomes do sex cells have?
23
a zygote is formed when
an egg is fertilized (egg+sperm)
what does hypotonic mean?
cell bloats/swells
what does isotonic mean?
cell remains the same size
what does hypertonic mean?
cell shrinks
what are the building blocks of carbs?
monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
what are the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
what are the building blocks of lipids?
triglycerides
which organelle packages proteins for export?
golgi apparatus
which organelle is responsible for the energy required for metabolic processes?
mitochondria
simple cuboidal
function: secrete glandular products
location: lines ducts, ovaries
transitional epithelium
function: respond to tension
location: urinary bladder
simple columnar
function: move things along, secrete fluids
location: ciliated in reproductive system, non ciliated in stomach
simple squamous
function: diffusion and filtration
location: alveoli, capillaries, membranes that line body
smooth muscle
function: peristalsis, segmentation
location: stomach, intestines
what process of cellular respiration makes the most ATP?
Electron Transport Chain (36 ATP)
what hormone increases Ca?
parathyroid hormone, stimulates release of Ca from bones
what hormone decreases Ca?
calcitonin, forces uptake of calcium into bones
what hormone increases blood sugar?
glucagon
what hormone decreases blood sugar?
insulin
what type of feedback is oxytocin contraction (labor)?
positive feedback
how do hormones act on target cells?
only target cells with the specific receptors respond to the hormone
what starts on the outside of the cell before an action potential?
Na+
what happens during depolarization?
Na+ flows in
what are astrocytes?
CNS> bridge neuron and blood supply
what are oligodendrocytes?
CNS. myelin sheath
what are microglial cells?
CNS> brain macrophage
what are ependymal cells?
CNS> line ventricles, produce, monitor, and circulate CSF
what are Schwann Cells?
PNS> myelin sheath
what are satellite cells?
protect sensory neurons within ganglia and supply it with nutrients
cerebrum
memory, motion, attention, language, consciousness
thalamus
all sensory info but smell
pons
connect cerebellum and brainstem
medulla
breathing and heartbeat
hypothalamus
regulates homeostasis-> autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
cerebellum
little brain, balance and coordination
pineal gland
melatonin, sleep patterns
function of epinephrine and norepinephrine
increase heart rate, dilate airways to make breathing easier, elevate BP, decrease digestive activity
what defines a reflex?
involuntary movement in response to a stimulus that is acted on before it reaches the brain
cross-bridge formation
1) Ca to troponin
2) Tropomyosin exposes actin
3) myosin head attaches to actin
4) powerstroke
5) myosin head detaches because of ATP
6) ATP hydrolysis
7) myosin head recocks
what is a motor unit?
one neuron plus many fibers
what type of tissue is in the diaphysis?
compact bone, osteons
what type of tissue is in epiphysis
spongy bone, trabeculae
where are WBCs and RBCs made?
red bone marrow
where are B cells and T cells made?
B cells: bone marrow
T cells: thymus
a skeletal muscle attaches to _____ at two or more places
bone
If the place is a bone that remains _____ for an action, the attachment is called an origin
immobile
If the place is on a bone that _____ for an action, the attachment is called an insertion
moves
what are the two lymphatic ducts?
thoracic: collects the most lymph
right
what % of blood if FE?
45
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood by converting to __________________ ion
hydrogen
at what point in life is T cell maturation larger?
in children
Parts of the lymphatic system such as tonsils/Peyer’s patches are also known as
_____________________ nodules.
lymphoid
what is an antigen?
substances that cause your immune system to produce antibodies is body doesn’t recognize as self
what is the function of the SA node?
pacemaker
what is the function of the AV node?
connect electrical signals of atria and ventricles
what is the wave life motion that chyme travels through?
peristalsis
what is the organ that secretes HCl?
stomach
what are some features of the small intestine wall?
circular folds, villi and microvilli
fingerlike projections
what substance from the gall bladder emulsifies fats?
bile
what is tidal volume?
volume of air in every breath
what is expiratory reserve volume?
the extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond reached at end of normal expiration
what is residual volume?
volume left in lungs after expiration
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
maximum inhale volume
what is the total lung capacity?
6 liters
what’s the function of glomerulus?
filter
what is a graafian follicle?
fluid-filled structure in ovary, provides maturation of ovum
what is the function of estrogen?
growth of egg follicle
what is the function of luteinizing hormone?
starts ovulation
What happens to a potential fetus if progesterone cannot perform its job
properly in a woman trying to get pregnant?
miscarriage
progesterone is supposed to help keep egg in uterus
