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anatomy and physiology > harper final > Flashcards

harper final Flashcards

1
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of?

A

made of phospholipids

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2
Q

what is diffusion?

A

high concentration -> low concentration, there is also facilitated diffusion which requires a channel

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3
Q

how many chromosomes do body cells have?

A

46

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4
Q

how many chromosomes do sex cells have?

A

23

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5
Q

a zygote is formed when

A

an egg is fertilized (egg+sperm)

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6
Q

what does hypotonic mean?

A

cell bloats/swells

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7
Q

what does isotonic mean?

A

cell remains the same size

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8
Q

what does hypertonic mean?

A

cell shrinks

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9
Q

what are the building blocks of carbs?

A

monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

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10
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

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11
Q

what are the building blocks of lipids?

A

triglycerides

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12
Q

which organelle packages proteins for export?

A

golgi apparatus

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13
Q

which organelle is responsible for the energy required for metabolic processes?

A

mitochondria

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14
Q

simple cuboidal

A

function: secrete glandular products
location: lines ducts, ovaries

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15
Q

transitional epithelium

A

function: respond to tension
location: urinary bladder

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16
Q

simple columnar

A

function: move things along, secrete fluids
location: ciliated in reproductive system, non ciliated in stomach

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17
Q

simple squamous

A

function: diffusion and filtration
location: alveoli, capillaries, membranes that line body

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18
Q

smooth muscle

A

function: peristalsis, segmentation
location: stomach, intestines

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19
Q

what process of cellular respiration makes the most ATP?

A

Electron Transport Chain (36 ATP)

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20
Q

what hormone increases Ca?

A

parathyroid hormone, stimulates release of Ca from bones

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21
Q

what hormone decreases Ca?

A

calcitonin, forces uptake of calcium into bones

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22
Q

what hormone increases blood sugar?

A

glucagon

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23
Q

what hormone decreases blood sugar?

A

insulin

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24
Q

what type of feedback is oxytocin contraction (labor)?

A

positive feedback

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25
Q

how do hormones act on target cells?

A

only target cells with the specific receptors respond to the hormone

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26
Q

what starts on the outside of the cell before an action potential?

A

Na+

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27
Q

what happens during depolarization?

A

Na+ flows in

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28
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

CNS> bridge neuron and blood supply

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29
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

CNS. myelin sheath

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30
Q

what are microglial cells?

A

CNS> brain macrophage

31
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

CNS> line ventricles, produce, monitor, and circulate CSF

32
Q

what are Schwann Cells?

A

PNS> myelin sheath

33
Q

what are satellite cells?

A

protect sensory neurons within ganglia and supply it with nutrients

34
Q

cerebrum

A

memory, motion, attention, language, consciousness

35
Q

thalamus

A

all sensory info but smell

36
Q

pons

A

connect cerebellum and brainstem

37
Q

medulla

A

breathing and heartbeat

38
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates homeostasis-> autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

39
Q

cerebellum

A

little brain, balance and coordination

40
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin, sleep patterns

41
Q

function of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

increase heart rate, dilate airways to make breathing easier, elevate BP, decrease digestive activity

42
Q

what defines a reflex?

A

involuntary movement in response to a stimulus that is acted on before it reaches the brain

43
Q

cross-bridge formation

A

1) Ca to troponin
2) Tropomyosin exposes actin
3) myosin head attaches to actin
4) powerstroke
5) myosin head detaches because of ATP
6) ATP hydrolysis
7) myosin head recocks

44
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

one neuron plus many fibers

45
Q

what type of tissue is in the diaphysis?

A

compact bone, osteons

46
Q

what type of tissue is in epiphysis

A

spongy bone, trabeculae

47
Q

where are WBCs and RBCs made?

A

red bone marrow

48
Q

where are B cells and T cells made?

A

B cells: bone marrow
T cells: thymus

49
Q

a skeletal muscle attaches to _____ at two or more places

A

bone

50
Q

If the place is a bone that remains _____ for an action, the attachment is called an origin

A

immobile

51
Q

If the place is on a bone that _____ for an action, the attachment is called an insertion

A

moves

52
Q

what are the two lymphatic ducts?

A

thoracic: collects the most lymph
right

53
Q

what % of blood if FE?

A

45

54
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood by converting to __________________ ion

A

hydrogen

55
Q

at what point in life is T cell maturation larger?

A

in children

56
Q

Parts of the lymphatic system such as tonsils/Peyer’s patches are also known as
_____________________ nodules.

A

lymphoid

57
Q

what is an antigen?

A

substances that cause your immune system to produce antibodies is body doesn’t recognize as self

58
Q

what is the function of the SA node?

A

pacemaker

59
Q

what is the function of the AV node?

A

connect electrical signals of atria and ventricles

60
Q

what is the wave life motion that chyme travels through?

A

peristalsis

61
Q

what is the organ that secretes HCl?

A

stomach

62
Q

what are some features of the small intestine wall?

A

circular folds, villi and microvilli
fingerlike projections

63
Q

what substance from the gall bladder emulsifies fats?

A

bile

64
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

volume of air in every breath

65
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

the extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond reached at end of normal expiration

66
Q

what is residual volume?

A

volume left in lungs after expiration

67
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

maximum inhale volume

68
Q

what is the total lung capacity?

A

6 liters

69
Q

what’s the function of glomerulus?

A

filter

70
Q

what is a graafian follicle?

A

fluid-filled structure in ovary, provides maturation of ovum

71
Q

what is the function of estrogen?

A

growth of egg follicle

72
Q

what is the function of luteinizing hormone?

A

starts ovulation

73
Q

What happens to a potential fetus if progesterone cannot perform its job
properly in a woman trying to get pregnant?

A

miscarriage
progesterone is supposed to help keep egg in uterus

anatomy and physiology (4 decks)

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