blood and lymph Flashcards
who is the universal recipient?
AB+
who is the universal donor?
O-
what is agglutination?
when an antigen is mixed with corresponding antibody (clumps)
what is plasmin?
destroys blood clots to resume blood flow
what is fibrinogen?
turns into fibrin after enzyme thrombin interacts with it. formation turns into a fibrin clot.
what is the function of plasma in blood?
liquid portion of blood (91.5% water, 8.5% solutes)
Carries nutrients, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, gases, and water products.
what are albumins?
maintain blood pressure
what are fibrinogen?
blood clotting
what are globulins?
transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
what is a thrombus?
formation of a blood clot inside one of your blood vessels
what is an embolus?
moving blood clot that lodges a vessel which would cause an embolism
what is erythroblastosis fetalis?
Rh- mother carrying Rh+ baby
Mother’s antibodies hurt baby’s antigens
what is hemoglobin?
protein that carries oxygen in blood
another name for a thrombocyte is a _________
platelets
what formed element to leukemia patients lack?
platelets: lack of causes excessive bleeding
what are some symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
pain, swelling, frequent infections, vision problems
what hormone is released by the kidneys and liver that regulate low oxygen levels?
erythropoietin (EPO)-stimulates RBC production in red bone marrow
what are the three steps of hemostasis?
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting
what is the basic event that involves fibrinogen and fibrin?
thrombin is created by blood-clotting proteins which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form clots.
why is serotonin released when a platelet plug is formed?
it causes vasoconstriction helping blood clots to form in more narrow arteries
what is the name of the blood test used to evaluate blood clotting?
prothrombin time
what are the 7 innate/nonspecific defenses?
fever, species resistance, inflammation, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, phagocytosis
what is species resistance?
certain species naturally resistant to some infectious diseases that affect other species
what are mechanical barriers?
skin and mucous membranes, hair, sweat: they trap invaders preventing their entrance into the body
what is inflammation?
tissue response to injury or infection. infected cells release chemicals that attract WBCs to site of inflammation to phagocytize pathogens.
what are chemical barriers?
enzymes in body fluids (gastric juices, lysozymes in tears/saliva), interferons (hormone-life proteins, stimulate the troops to rally, activating the complement), block reproduction of viral cells
what are natural killer cells?
secret perforin that lyse (breakdown) the cell membrane of the infected cell, also activate the complement
what is phagocytosis?
removes foreign particles from lymph as it moves
what are the most active phagocytic cells?
neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages once leave bloodstream)
what is fever?
raise the temp of whole body so invaders can not survive
what are complement proteins?
groups of molecules that stimulate inflammation, attracts phagocytes, and enhances phagocytosis.
what is the purpose of adaptive/specific defenses?
third line of defense, resistance to specific pathogens of their toxins
which WBCs are granular?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
which WBCs are agranular?
lymphocytes, monocytes
what is the purpose of lymphocytes?
they produce antibodies which target specific antigens present on pathogens (lymphocytes include B and T cells)
lymphatic vessels are similar to what part of the circulatory system?
veins- valves for one directional movement
what are the two collecting ducts of the lymphatic trunks called?
thoracic duct (drains to left subclavian vein), right lymphatic duct (drains to right subclavian vein)
which duct collects the most lymph?
the thoracic duct
what are the functions of the lymph node?
filter potentially harmful particles, monitor body fluids, store lymphocytes
what are the cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris?
macrophages
what are the primary cells that provide immunity?
T cells (helper t cells, killer t cells, memory t cells), B cells (make antibodies)
what is immunity?
resistance to specific pathogens of their toxins, recognition and recall
what are T lymphocytes responsible for?
stimulate B cells, combine with non-self antigens or infected cells to kill them, remember past exposures to prevent reoccurrence.
what is naturally acquired active immunity?
person exposed to live pathogens, develop illness/disease, becomes resistant due to antibodies created
what is naturally acquired passive immunity?
antibodies passed from mother to infant from placenta and breast milk
what is artificially acquired passive immunity?
person exposed to pathogen needs protection before active immunity has time to occur. Antibodies from an immune donor injected into patient
what is artificially acquired active immunity?
vaccine
what is the function of immunoglobulin IgG?
effective against bacteria, viruses, toxins, activates complement
what is the function of immunoglobulin IgA?
exocrine gland secretions
what is the function of immunoglobulin IgM?
response to antigens in foods/bacteria, antibodies for RBO blood groups, activates the complement
what is the function of immunoglobulin IgD?
activates B cells
what is the function of immunoglobulin IgE?
associated with allergic responses
what are the functions of the spleen?
stores blood of old RBCs, contains macrophages, stores blood, takes in iron
what happens with the WBCs as a result of an allergen-antibody reaction?
B cells produce IgE
