haroon pathology

Question 1

3 stages of inflammation

Answer 1

1. increase in vessel calbire - it gets wider
2. fluid exudate
3. cellular exudate

Question 2

neutrophil action in acute inflammation

Answer 2

1. margination
2. adhesion using selectin protein
3. emigration + diapedisis
4. chemotaxis - following cytokines to inflammation site

Question 3

neutrophil action at site of acute inflmaation

Answer 3

1. phagocytosis
2. phagolysosome formation + bacterial killing
3. macrophages clear debris

Question 4

define granuloma

Answer 4

aggregate of epitheloid histocytes

Question 5

how to detect granulomatous disease

Answer 5

high ACE because granulomas secrete ACE

Question 6

3 stages of thrombosis

Answer 6

1. vasospasm
2. formation of primary platelt plug
3. coagulation cascade

Question 7

how is primary platelet plug formed

Answer 7

VWF binds to exposed collagen

platelts bind to VWF via gp1b

activates platelts

they go from discoid to pseudopoid

platelts bind to each other via gp2a/3b –> aggregation

Question 8

intrinsic part of coagulation cascade

Answer 8

12
11
9
8
10

Question 9

extrinsic part of coahulation cascade

Answer 9

3
7
10

Question 10

common part of coagulation cascade

Answer 10

10
5
2
1

Question 11

how do arterial thrombi present

Answer 11

cold, pale, loss of pulse

Question 12

how do venous thrombi present

Answer 12

tender, swollen, red

Question 13

treatment for arterial thrombi

Answer 13

antiplatelts - aspirin

Question 14

treatment for veous thrombi

Answer 14

DOAC or warfarin

Question 15

3 fates of thrombi

Answer 15

1. resolution
2. organisation
3. embolism

Question 16

where do arterial emboli form

Answer 16

in systemic circulation from left heart

Question 17

where do venous embol form

Answer 17

in pulmonary circulation from right heart

Question 18

components of atheroscloertic plauqe

Answer 18

• lipid
• smooth muscke
• macrophages/foam cells
• platelets
• fibroblasts

Question 19

formation of atherscloeritc plaque

Answer 19

1. fatty streak
2. lipid accumulation
3. plateley aggregation
4. fibrin mesh and rbc trapping
5. fibrous cap

Question 20

define apoptosis

Answer 20

non inflammatory controlled cell death

Question 21

what happens in apoptosis

Answer 21

• cells shrink
• organeless are retained
• cell membrane in tact
• chromatin unaltered so no mutation
• easy process

Question 22

3 mechancisms of apptosis

Answer 22

1. intrinsic
2. extrinsic
3. cytotoxic

Question 23

what happens in intrinsic apoptosis

Answer 23

bax protein acts on mitochondiral membrane to promote cytochrome c release

activates caspases –> apoptosis

Question 24

what happens in extrinsic apoptosis

Answer 24

FasL or TNF-L binds to CSM receptots

activates caspases –> apoptosis

Question 25

what happens in cytotoxic apoptosis

Answer 25

CD8+ binding releases granzyme B from CD8+ cell granzyme B --> perforin --> caspases --> apoptosis

Question 26

define necrosis

Answer 26

inflmmatory traumatic cell death

Question 27

what happens in necrosis

Answer 27

- cells burst - organelles splurge out - cell membranes damaged - chromatin altered so big mutation risk

Question 28

which cells can neoplasms arise from

Answer 28

nucleated cells only cant srise from erythrocytes

Question 29

define neoplasm

Answer 29

autonomos abnormal persistent new growth

Question 30

how can benign tumours be patholgicL

Answer 30

1. horomone secreting eg prolactinoma 2. put pressure on local structures 3. obtstruction 4. transformation into malignant

Question 31

impavcts of malignant tumours

Answer 31

- pressure on structurs - form secondary metastatic tumours - obstruction - from paraneoplastc sydnromes - blood loss - pain

Question 32

non glandular benign tumour

Answer 32

papilloma

Question 33

non glandular malignant tumiur

Answer 33

carcinoma

Question 34

glandular benign tumur

Answer 34

adenoma

Question 35

glandular malignant tumour

Answer 35

adenocarcinoma

Question 36

which tumour never metastatsizes

Answer 36

basal cell carcinoma

Question 37

what does teratoma mean

Answer 37

cancer of all 3 germ layers

Question 38

4 characteristucs of neoplastic cell

Answer 38

1. autocrine growth stimulation 2. evasion of apoptosis 3. telomerase 4. susatined angiogenesis and ability to invade BM

Question 39

how do neoplasms have autocrine growth stimulation

Answer 39

- overexpression of growth hormone - mutation of tumour supressor genes eg p53 - underexpression of growth inhibitors

Question 40

how does telomerase help neoplastic cells

Answer 40

prevents telomeres shorterning with each replication

Question 41

pathway of metastasis

Answer 41

1. detachment from primary site 2. invasion of other tissues 3. invasion of blood vessels 4. evasion of host defence, adherence to blood vessel wall 5. extravasation to distant site

Question 42

3 methods of spread for metastastes

Answer 42

1. haemategenous 2. lymphatics 3. transolemic - via effusion and fluid

Question 43

how do sarcomas mostly spread

Answer 43

hameatogenous

Question 44

most common method of tumur staging

Answer 44

TNM - tumour, node , metastases except for lymphoma, lakeumea, and CNS cancers

Question 45

what kind of prevention is cancer screening

Answer 45

secondary

Question 46

which cancers are screened for in uk

Answer 46

cervical - cervical swab breast - mammogram colorectal - foecal occult

Question 47

what does heel prick test at birth test for

Answer 47

- cystic fibrosis - sickle cell anemia - congential hypothyroidism