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Biomechanics Exam I > Hard Tissue (Bone), Cartilage, Tendons/Ligaments, Nerves/Joints > Flashcards

Hard Tissue (Bone), Cartilage, Tendons/Ligaments, Nerves/Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up bone tissue?

A

Collagen, ground substance, and minerals

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2
Q

Is bone tissue vascular?

A

Highly vascular

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3
Q

Why is it important for bone to be highly vascular?

A

Excellent capacity for self-repair

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4
Q

What kind of bone is tougher: cortical or trabecular?

A

Trabecular

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5
Q

What is the term referring to how bone tissue exhibits distinct mechanical properties when loaded along various axes because its structure differs in the transverse and longitudinal directions?

A

Anisotropic

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6
Q

Which can cortical bone tolerate more: longitudinal loads or transverse loads?

A

Longitudinal loads

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7
Q

What are the two general ways in which a bone fracture can occur?

A

Single load that exceeds the ultimate strength of the bone OR repeated applications of lower-magnitude loads

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8
Q

What type of stress is cortical bone BEST at withstanding: tension, shear, or compression?

A

Compression

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9
Q

What type of stress is cortical bone the WORST at withstanding: tension, shear, or compression?

A

Shear

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10
Q

What is the concept referring to how bone has the ability to remodel by altering its size, shape, and structure to meet the mechanical demands placed on it?

A

Wolff’s Law

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11
Q

What happens to bone that is not needed for reasons such as disuse or aging?

A

Resorbed

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12
Q

Is cartilage vascular?

A

No (semi-exception = articular cartilage with minimal blood supply)

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13
Q

What makes up cartilage?

A

Collagen, chondrocytes, and ground substance

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14
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Articular, hyaline, and fibrocartilage

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15
Q

What are the three main functions of cartilage?

A

Increase joint stability
Shock absorption
Protection of bone

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16
Q

What property of articular cartilage makes it more susceptible to creep and relaxation?

A

It is viscoelastic

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17
Q

What is the range of the forces present at the joint surface during joint articulation?

A

0-10X body weight

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18
Q

What allows cartilage to experience minimal wear under varied load?

A

Synovial lubrication

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19
Q

For what reason is cartilage considered to be unlike any man-made material?

A

Near frictionless properties

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20
Q

What is interfacial wear of articular cartilage?

A

Interaction of bearing surfaces

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21
Q

What causes interfacial wear of articular cartilage?

A

Adhesion or abrasion

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22
Q

What is fatigue wear of articular cartilage?

A

Bearing deformation under load

23
Q

What causes fatigue wear of articular cartilage?

A

Repetition of high loads over short period OR repetition of low loads of extended period

24
Q

Why does articular cartilage have a limited capacity for repair and regeneration?

A

Small blood supply

25
Q

What two things determine the magnitude of the stress sustained by articular cartilage?

A

Total load on the joint AND how the load is distributed over the articular surface contact area

26
Q

What is the term for the fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone?

A

Tendon

27
Q

What is the term for the fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone?

A

Ligament

28
Q

What makes up tendons and ligaments?

A

Collagen and fibrocytes

29
Q

What is the location where tendons join to skeletal muscle?

A

Musculotendinous junction

30
Q

What are the three characteristics stages for the healing of strains and sprains?

A 
1 Inflammation (Up to 72 hours)
2 Repair (28 hours to up to 6 weeks)
3 Remodeling (3 weeks to 12 months)
31
Q

In what stage of sprain/strain healing do we see the collagen changing to increase function?

A

Remodeling stage

32
Q

What is the definition of a strain?

A

Overexertion of stress on CONTRACTILE tissues

33
Q

What kinds of muscles are most at risk for a strain?

A

Fusiform muscles crossing 2 joints (examples = hamstrings, rectus femoris, biceps brachii)

34
Q

Are muscle strains more common in the upper or lower extremity?

A

Lower

35
Q

In what grade of a strain or sprain are only a few fibers torn (less than 1/4) with only minor weakness and no palpable defect?

A

Grade One

36
Q

In what kind of strain or sprain is about 1/4-1/2 of the muscle/tendon torn with moderate to major weakness and loss of function?

A

Grade Two

37
Q

In what kind of strain or sprain are all fibers torn with minor to no pain and possible increased range of motion?

A

Grade Three

38
Q

What is the term for overexertion or stress on NON-CONTRACTILE tissues?

A

Sprain

39
Q

What two things can be sprained?

A

Ligament or capsule

40
Q

What two types of damage to nerves can produce mechanical deformation on them?

A

Trauma or nerve entrapment

41
Q

What are the two most common modes of nerve injury?

A

Stretching (tensile forces) and compression

42
Q

What is the maximal elongation elastic limit of nerves?

A

About 20%

43
Q

At what percentage of elastic limit does complete structural failure occur to a nerve?

A

Approximately 25% to 30%

44
Q

What comes first: severe intraneural tissue damage of a nerve or nerve failure/rupture?

A

Severe tissue damage (long before)

45
Q

What is usually the cause for tensile nerve injuries?

A

Result of accidents

46
Q

What symptoms can result from nerve compression?

A

Numbness, pain, muscle weakness

47
Q

At what level of local nerve compression can we see functional changes?

A

30 mmHg

48
Q

At what level of local nerve compression can we see complete cessation of intraneural blood flow and complete ischemia?

A

80 mmHg

49
Q

Can blood flow to neural tissue be restored even after over two hours of compression?

A

Yes

50
Q

What is the term for the resting position of a joint when it has the most slack?

A

Loose pack position

51
Q

What is the term for the position of a join when its surfaces are in the closest approximation and the capsule and ligaments are maximally stressed?

A

Close pack position

52
Q

What is the clinical term for when a joint becomes excessively restricted due to adhesions in the capsule?

A

Adhesive capsulitis

53
Q

What is unique about the limitation of range of motion in a joint?

A

Always found to be in a specific pattern

54
Q

What kinds of abnormalities can cause non-capsular patterns of joints?

A

Joint mice
Impingements
Plica
Other internal derangements

Biomechanics Exam I (5 decks)

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