Hard cards

Question 1

The constraint that all primary keys must have non-null values is referred as

Answer 1

Entity integrity rule

Question 1

What are 4 data requirements for relational databases

Answer 1

1. Every column must be single valued
2. Entity integrity rule
3. Referential integrity
4. All non-key attributes must describe a characteristic of the entity identified by the primary key.

Question 2

What is Entity Relationship Modelling (ERM)

Answer 2

ERM is a modelling notation used to model the characteristics and relationships of data. Useful to formalize and visualize the structure of data for implementation of databases.

Question 3

In text mining, stemming is the process of:

Answer 3

Reducing multiple words to their base or root.

Question 4

What does pivot do?

Answer 4

Swap the attributes in the horizontal and vertical fields.

Question 5

What does a slice do?

Answer 5

Filter on one item form a dimension. Such as one product, one life cycle, or one client name.

Question 6

What can be done with a roll-up

Answer 6

Insert a KPI diagram for showing the total sales.

Question 7

How is the accuracy calculated?

Answer 7

TP+TN / ALL

Question 8

How is the precision calculated?

Answer 8

TP / TP+FP

Question 9

How is the true positive rate calculated?

Answer 9

TP / TP+FN

Question 10

What does the information about coverage in Celonis mean?

Answer 10

The amount of cases which are represented by the shown model.

Question 11

What does it mean when the start note has multiple arrows going to different places?

Answer 11

The process has different start activities depending on the different cases that are represented.

Question 12

What does a misfitting model result in for auditors?

Answer 12

Misfitting model –> false negative audit results (compliance violations are not detected)

Question 13

What does a imprecise model result in for auditors?

Answer 13

Imprecise model –> false positive audit results (compliance violations are indicated that did not occur in reality).

Question 14

What does the tokenize operator do?

Answer 14

Splits text into tokens, often removing non letters.

Break up the text in individual parts which we then can analyze.

Question 15

When is the conversion criteria met?

Answer 15

The convergence criterion is usually met when the assignment of points to clusters becomes stable.

Question 16

What is escalation of commitment?

Answer 16

A pattern of behavior in which an individual or group will continue to rationalize their decisions, actions and investments when faced with increasingly negative outcomes rather than alter their course.

Many things come together here: sunk cost fallacy, status quo bias, omission bias, confirmation bias, etc.

Question 17

What is the formula for the fitness?

Answer 17

Fitness = Re-playable cases / total cases

Question 18

What does process mining encompas?

Answer 18

Techniques, tools and methods to discover, monitor and improve real processes by extracting knowledge from event logs.

Question 19

What are some of the use cases of clustering?

Answer 19

• Identify natural groupings of customers;
• Identify rules for assigning new cases to classes for targeting/diagnostic purposes;
• Provide characterization, definition, labeling of populations;
• Decrease the size and complexity of problems for other data mining methods;
• Identify outliers in a specific domain.5

Question 20

What can cluster analysis be used for?

Answer 20

Cluster analysis can be used for automatic identification of natural groupings of things

Question 21

What does link analysis try to achieve?

Answer 21

Find patterns in relatioHnship to each other

Question 22

How does clustering work?

Answer 22

It works by learning the clusters of things from past data, then assigning new instances.

Question 23

In text mining, what are 3 methods used to reduce the size of a sparse matrix?

Answer 23

• Using a domain expert
• Using singular value decomposition (SVD)
• Eliminating rarely occurring terms.

Question 24

What is the true positive rate also called?

Answer 24

Sensitivity or recall

Question 25

What is a concept in text mining?

Answer 25

Concept refers to words that might relate to a similar topic. A concept could be crime, which has multiple words related to it.

Question 26

What are terms in text mining?

Answer 26

These are individual words of small groups of words that belong together.

Question 27

What are prescriptive analysis?

Answer 27

Prescribes what should I do and why should I do it.
Enables optimization, simulation, decision modelling and expert systems.
Outcomes: best possible business decisions and transactions

Question 28

What is a dice?

Answer 28

A slice on more than two dimensions

Question 29

What is a slice?

Answer 29

Subset of multidimensional array

selection on one dimension of a 3-dimensional cube, resulting in a 2-dimension site.

Question 30

What is roll up?

Answer 30

Aggregation on a data cube

Individual temperatures –> cold/mild/hot
Location cities –> location countries

Question 31

What is a pivot?

Answer 31

Also called a rotation,. Rotate the axes in view to provide an alternative presentation of data.

Question 32

What is referential integrity?

Answer 32

Foreign keys must contain the same data as the primary key in another table

Question 33

What is the entity integrity rule?

Answer 33

All primary keys must have non-null values

Question 34

How is the true negative rate measured?

Answer 34

TN / (TN+FP)

Question 35

What type of techniques are part of predictions? is this supervised or unsupervised?

Answer 35

Classification and regression
Supervised

Question 36

What type of techniques are part of clustering?

Answer 36

Outlier analysis

Question 37

What type of techniques are part of association?

Answer 37

Link analysis and sequence analysis

Question 38

What does the accuracy of data mining refer to?

Answer 38

Its ability to predict the outcome of a previously unknown data set accurately.

Question 39

What is a process instance?

Answer 39

A single execution of a business process (Every time someone makes a cake using a recipe).

Question 40

What does the initial path (first variant) display?

Answer 40

The initial path shows the most frequent ‘as is’ process flow across all process patterns.

Question 41

What does high precision mean in process mining?

Answer 41

High precision means that the model does not produce too many “false positives” or additional traces that were never seen in the actual logs, ensuring that the model is not overly general.

Question 42

What is a process model?

Answer 42

An abstraction from the real business process. It’s5 a graphical representation of activities that need to be executed collectively for realizing a specific business objective.

Question 43

How is the precision calculated in process mining?

Answer 43

Number of re-playable traces observed in the event log divided by the traces playable by the model.

Question 44

What are process variants?

Answer 44

Process executions of a specific process that represent identical traces.

Question 45

What is the result of an unfitting model?

Answer 45

False negative audit results, compliance violations are not detected.

Question 46

What is precision in process mining?

Answer 46

Measures how much behavior allowed by the model is actually observed in the event log. A model should not allow additional behavior very different from the behavior recorded in the event log.

Question 47

What is generalization?

Answer 47

Evaluates how well the model can generalize to unseen instances of the process. A process model is not exclusively restricted to display the eventually limited record of observed behavior in the event log.

Question 48

What is a trace?

Answer 48

The sequence of recorded events in a case.