handout 9 Flashcards
A bud at the tip of a plant stem; also called a terminal bud
apex
Tendency for growth to be concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot,
because the apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth
apical dominence
Commonly called sac fungus; name comes from the sac-like structure in
which the spores develop.
Ascomycete
A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch;
appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem
axillary bud
Commonly called club fungus; name comes from the club-like shape of
the basidium
Basidiomycete
in C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed
sheaths around the veins of a leaf
bundle-sheath cell
A fungus that lacks septa and hence whose body is made up of a
continuous cytoplasmic mass that may contain hundreds or thousands
of nuclei.
coenocytic fungus
A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found
in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
Chitin
Mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that represent an early-
diverging fungal lineage
Chytrids
A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support
young parts of the plant without restraining growth
collenchyma cell
A type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube element by many
plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or
more adjacent sieve-tube elements.
companion cell
A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the
epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells.
cork cambium
1) The outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the
plasma membrane, that has a more gel-like consistency than the inner
regions due to the presence of multiple microfilaments. (2) In plants,
ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a
root or eudicot stem
Cortex
1) A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that prevents
desiccation in terrestrial plants. (2) The exoskeleton of an arthropod,
consisting of layers of protein and chitin that are variously modified for
different functions. (3) A tough coat that covers the body of a nematode.
Cuticle
the outer protective covering of plants
dermal tissue
A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs,
in which growth stops after a certain size is reached.
Determinate growth
A consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from non-living organic
material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living
organisms
detritivore
Traditional classification for a fungus with no known sexual stage
Deuteromycota
The events involved in an organism’s changing gradually from a simple
to a more complex or specialized form.
Development
In plant roots, the innermost layer of the cortex that surrounds the
vascular cylinder.
endodermis
A fungus that lives inside a leaf or other plant part without causing harm
to the plant
endophyte
(1) The dermal tissue system of non-woody-plants, usually consisting of
a single layer of tightly packed cells. (2) The outermost layer of cells in an
animal
epidermis
A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and
functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell
that usually occurs in bundles.
fibers
Member of a fungal phylum characterized by a distinct branching form
of mycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae
Glomeromycete
Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of
functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.
Ground tissue
The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and
closing of the pore.
guard cells
One of many connected filaments that collectively make up the
mycelium of a fungus.
hypha
A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism
continues to grow as long as it lives
Indeterminate growth
A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are
attached
internode
in fungi, the fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents;
occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, preceded by another stage.
karyogamy
A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants; includes
vascular cambium and cork cambium
lateral meristem
A root that arises from the pericycle of an established root.
lateral root
The main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants
leaf
A finger-like projection along the flank of a shoot apical meristem, from
which a leaf arises
leaf primordium
The mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga
or cyanobacterium.
lichen
Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing
for indeterminate growth
Meristematic tissue
Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis; in C3 and CAM plants, these cells
are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C 4 plants, they
are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis
Mesophyll cells
Informal term for a fungus that grows as a filamentous fungus, producing
haploid spores by mitosis and forming a visible mycelium
mold
Densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus
mycelium
General term for a fungal infection.
Mycosis
Member of a group of unicellular, amoeboid protists that are more
closely related to fungi than they are to other protists
plasmodial slime mold
Member of a diverse clade of organisms descended from an ancestor
with a posterior flagellum, including fungi, animals, and certain protists
Opisthokont
An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of
another species (the host) while in or on the host organism; harm but
usually do not kill their host
parasite
A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the
metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into
a more differentiated cell type.
parenchyma cell
The outermost layer in the vascular cylinder, from which lateral roots
arise.
pericycle
The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during
secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium.
periderm
The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem
petiole
In animals and fungi, a small molecule released into the environment
that functions in communication between members of the same species;
in animals influences physiology and behaviour.
pheromone
Ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many
monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the
vascular cylinder
Pith
In fungi, the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs
as one stage of sexual reproduction.
In fungi, the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs
as one stage of sexual reproduction.
A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem
root cap
A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip
and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals
root hair
All of a plant’s roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport
minerals and water, and store food.
root system
A short, irregular sclerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats; are
scattered throughout the parenchyma of some plants
stone cell
A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking a protoplast and
possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity.
sclerenchyma cell
Growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots
of woody plants.
Secondary growth
One of the cross-walls that divide a fungal hypha into cells; generally
have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even
nuclei to flow from cell to cell.
septum
The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in
angiosperms) flowers
shoot system
An end wall in a sieve-tube element, which facilitates the flow of phloem
sap in angiosperm sieve-tubes
sieve plate
A living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the
phloem of angiosperms; connected end to end
sieve tube element
In lichens, a small cluster of fungal hyphae with embedded algae.
soredium
The vascular tissue of a stem or root.
vascular bundle
A vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and
internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures.
stem
A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves
and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the
interior of the plant.
stomata
A main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root and gives rise
to lateral (branch) roots.
primary root
A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of
secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary
phloem
vascular cambium
A transport system formed by xylem and phloem throughout a vascular
plant. Xylem transports water and minerals; phloem transports sugars,
the products of photosynthesis.
vascular system
A continuous water-conducting micro-pipe found in most angiosperms
and a few nonflowering vascular plants
tracheid
(1) In animals, a vessel that carries blood toward the heart. (2) In plants,
a vascular bundle in a leaf
Vein
A short, wide water-conducting cell found in the xylem of most
angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants; dead at maturity,
they are aligned end to end to form micro-pipes.
vessel element
Single-celled fungus; reproduce asexually by binary fission or by the
pinching of small buds off a parent cell; many fungal species can grow
both as these and as a network of filaments noting relatively few species
grow only as these
yeast
Member of a fungal phylum characterized by the formation of a sturdy
structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction
zygomycete
concept 9.1
Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells
concept 9.2
Meristems generate cells for primary and secondary growth
concept 9.3
Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
concept 9.4
Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants
concept 9.5
Growth, morphogenesis and cell differentiation produce the plant body
concept 10.1
Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption
concept 10.2
Fungi produce spores through sexual or asexual life cycles
concept 10.3
The ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist
concept 10.4
Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
concept 10.5
Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare
For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) the
thickness of the cell wall of sclerenchyma. (B) the thickness of the cell wall of
parenchyma.
.A. Item (A) is greater than item (B)
For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) the
number of vessel elements in a eudicot root cap. (B) the number of vessel elements
in a eudicot stem
B. Item (A) is less than item (B)
Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system?
D. companion cell – ground tissue.
Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system?
D. pith
What would be a plant adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense
forest?
E. intercalary meristems
Land plants are composed of all the following tissue types except
A. mesodermal
__________ is to xylem as __________ is to phloem
C. Vessel element; sieve-tube member
CO 2 enters the inner the inner spaces of the leaf through the
C. stoma
The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the
B. stele
One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves
is that
C. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in roots
A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system; several growth rings
evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which
of the following best describes the plant?
B. woody eudicot.
Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to
E. A and B only
Based on parts of a growing primary root: I. root cap; II. zone of elongation; III. zone
of cell division; IV. zone of cell maturation; V. apical meristem – which of the following
is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward?
E. I, V, III, II, IV
Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?
Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?
A. endodermis.
B. phloem.
C. cortex.
D. epidermis.
E. pericycle.
Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called
D. stomata
Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants?
B. Some plants lack secondary growth
As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The
nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover
the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. The nail is now __________ meters above
the ground
B. 1.5 meters
Which of the following is a true statement?
C. Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium
The vascular system of a three-year-old eudicot stem consists of
B. 2 rings of xylem and 2 of phloem
Which of the following is true of bark?
A. It is composed of phloem plus periderm
If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then
which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal
competitors have been removed?
C. prokaryotes
Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)?
D. They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources
The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to
that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells,
respectively?
B. gap junctions – plasmodesmata
What do fungi and arthropods have in common?
D. The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin
What accounts most directly for the extremely fast growth of a fungal mycelium?
B. a long tubular body shape
Consider two hyphae having equal dimensions: one from a septate species and the
other from a coenocytic species. Compared with the septate species, the coenocytic
species should have
B. more pores
Which of the following vary tremendously from each other in morphology and belong
to several fungal phyla?
A. lichens
Fungal cells can reproduce asexually by undergoing mitosis followed by cytokinesis.
Many fungi can also prepare to reproduce sexually by undergoing
D. plasmogamy followed by karyogamy
Which of the following statements is true of deuteromycetes?
C. They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage
Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination
of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi
and plants?
D. colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells
The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen
B. by convergent evolution
This phylum contains organisms that most closely resemble the common ancestor of
fungi and animals:
E. Chytridiomycota
Arrange the following from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the
same fungus. 1. Basidiocarp; 2. Basidium; 3. Basidiospore; 4. Mycelium; 5. Gill.
A. 4, 5, 1, 2, 3.
in both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its
photosynthetic partner
D. water and minerals
The symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered
B. mutualistic
Which term below refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between
the cells in plant leaves?
C. endophytes
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers
sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting
and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape
farmers who engage in this practice should be that the
D. fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae
Which of the following terms is correctly associated with fungi in general?
C. ecologically important
In which of these human mycoses should one expect to find a growth pattern most
similar to that of the mycelium that produced the fairy ring?
A. skin mycoses
Arrange the following from largest to smallest: 1. Ascospore; 2. Ascocarp; 3.
Ascomycete; 4. Ascus
B. 3 → 2 → 4 → 1
