Handout 4 Flashcards
A solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body
wall
acoelomate
A complete digestive tract, consisting of a tube running between a
mouth and an anus
alimentary canal
A member of a group of shelled cephalopods that were important
marine predators for hundreds of millions of years until their extinction
at the end of the Cretaceous period (65.5 million years ago)
ammonite
Member of a clade of tetrapods named for a key derived character, the
amniotic egg, which contains specialized membranes, including the
fluid-filled amnion, that protect the embryo; include mammals as well
as birds and other reptiles.
amniote
An egg that contains specialized membranes that function in
protection, nourishment, and gas exchange; allowed embryos to
develop on land in a fluid-filled sac, thus reducing dependence of
tetrapods on water for reproduction.
amniotic egg
A cell that moves by pseudopodia and is found in most animals;
depending on species, it may digest and distribute food, dispose of
wastes, form skeletal fibres, fight infections, or change into other cell
types.
amoebocyte
Member of a tetrapod class that includes salamanders, frogs, and
caecilians.
amphibian
the structure of an organism
anatomy
Pertaining to the front, or head, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal.
anterior
Member of a primate group made up of the monkeys and the apes
(gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans).
anthropoid
A member of a major arthropod group, the chelicerates; include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites.
arachnid
Member of the reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators and
dinosaurs, including birds
archosaur
A segmented ecdysozoan with a hard exoskeleton and jointed
appendages. Familiar examples include insects, spiders, millipedes, and
crabs.
arthropod
The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and non-stressed endotherm at
a comfortable temperature.
basal metabolic rate
(BMR)
Body symmetry in which a central longitudinal plane divides the body
into two equal but opposite halves.
bilateral symmetry
Member of a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ
layers.
bilaterian
(1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2)
The study of how energy flows through organisms.
bioenergetics
A fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body
wall
body cavity
In multicellular eukaryotes, a set of morphological and developmental
traits that are integrated into a functional whole – the living organism
body plan
An organ of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates
contained in an internal chamber
book lung
An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment
at the anterior end of the body
cephalization
One of a pair of claw-like feeding appendages characteristic of
chelicerates
chelicera
An arthropod that has a body divided into a cephalothorax and an abdomen; include sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, and
spiders.
chelicerate
A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar cell, it
has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its
flagellum
choanocyte
Member of a class of vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of
cartilage, such as sharks and rays.
chondrichthyan
Member of a phylum of animals that at some point during their
development have a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord;
pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail.
chordate
(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching
of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions
without significant growth during early embryonic development that
converts zygote to ball of cells
cleavage
A specialized cell unique to the phylum Cnidaria; contains a capsule-like
organelle housing a coiled thread that, when discharged, explodes
outward and functions in prey capture or defence.
cnidocyte
A body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm
coelom
An animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue
completely derived from mesoderm).
coelomate
The transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different, and
often functions very differently in its environment than the larva.
complete metamorphosis
An animal for which an internal condition complies with (changes in
accordance with) changes in an environmental variable.
conformer
Any of a group of small crustaceans that are important members of
marine and freshwater plankton communities.
copepod
The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in
opposite directions; example, blood in a fish gill flows in the opposite
direction of water passing over the gill, maximizing diffusion of oxygen
into and carbon dioxide out of the blood.
counter-current exchange
a chordate with a head
craniate
A member of a subphylum of mostly aquatic arthropods that includes
lobsters, crayfishes, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles.
crustacean
A member of the group of crustaceans that includes lobsters,
crayfishes, crabs, and shrimps.
decapod
Member of an amniote clade distinguished by a pair of holes on each
side of the skull; include the lepidosaurs and archosaurs
diapsid
Pertaining to the top of an animal with radial or bilateral symmetry
dorsal
A slow-moving or sessile marine deuterostome with a water vascular
system and, in larvae, bilateral symmetry; include sea stars, brittle stars,
sea urchins, feather stars, and sea cucumbers
echinoderm
Referring to organisms for which external sources provide most of the
heat for temperature regulation
ectothermic
An early group of soft-bodied, multicellular eukaryotes known from
fossils that range in age from 565 million to 550 million years old
edicaran biota
Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their
own metabolism; this heat usually maintains a relatively stable body
temperature higher than that of the external environment
endothermic
Member of a clade of animals with true tissues. All animals except
sponges and a few other groups are eumetazoans.
eumetazoan
Placental mammal; mammal whose young complete their embryonic
development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta
eutherian
A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell of a
mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and
points of attachment for muscles.
exosceleton
(1) The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino
acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer
cells. (2) One of the three main parts of a mollusc; a muscular structure
usually used for movement.
foot
A central cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals,
including cnidarians and flatworms, that functions in both the digestion
and distribution of nutrients
gastrovascular cavity
Member of the vertebrate subgroup possessing jaws.
gnathostome
An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual
reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs.
hermaphrodite
An insect or closely related wingless, six-legged arthropod
hexapod
A long-term physiological state in which metabolism decreases, the
heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is
maintained at a lower level than normal.
hibernation
The steady-state physiological condition of the body.
homeostasis
A member of the human branch of the evolutionary tree; include Homo
sapiens and our ancestors, a group of extinct species that are more
closely related to us than to chimpanzees.
hominin
The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining
homeostasis, especially in co-ordinating the endocrine and nervous
systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing
factors that regulate the anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
A type of development in certain insects, such as grasshoppers, in
which the young (called nymphs) resemble adults but are smaller and
have different body proportions; the nymph goes through a series of
moults, each time looking more like an adult, until it reaches full size.
incomplete metamorphosis
concept 11.1
animals are multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers
concept 11.2
the history of animals spans more than half a billion years
concept 11.3
animals can be characterized by ‘body plans’
concept 11.4
new views of animal phylogeny are emerging from molecular data
concept 11.5
sponges are basal animals that lack true tissues
concept 11.6
cnidarians are an anchient phylum of eumetazoans
concept 11.7
lophotrochozoans, a clade indentified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal body forms
concept 11.8
ecdysozoans are the most species rich animal group
concept 11.9
echinoderms and chordates are deutrosomes
concept 12.1
chordates have a notochord and a dorsal. hollow nerve chord
concept 12.2
craniates are chordates that have a head
concept 12.3
vertebrates are craniates that have a backbone
concept 12.4
gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws
concept 12.5
tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs
concept 12.6
amniotes are tetrapods that have terrestrially adapted eggs
concept 12.7
mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk
concept 12.8
humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion
concept 12.9
animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
concept 12.10
feedback control maintains the internal environment in many mammals
concept 12.11
homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function and behaviour
concept 12.12
energy requirements are related to animal size, activity and environment
Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy
from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition
C. by ingesting it.
Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?
B. nervous conduction and muscular movement
Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of
C. adaptive radiation
What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated,
from earliest to most recent? 1. Tetrapods; 2. Vertebrates; 3. Deuterostomes; 4.
Amniotes; 5. Bilaterians
B. 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4
An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also
A. triploblastic
What is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animal’s
development? 1. Gastrulation; 2. Metamorphosis; 3. Fertilization; 4. Cleavage.
E. 3 → 4 → 1 → 2
With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most
inclusive to least inclusive. 1. Ecdysozoan; 2. Protostome; 3. Eumetazoan; 4.
Triploblastic
D. 3, 4, 2, 1
Phylogenetic trees are best described as
B. hypothetical portrayals of evolutionary relationships
Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true?
1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi; 2. All animal clades
based on body plan have been found to be incorrect; 3. Kingdom Animalia is
monophyletic; 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means; 5. Animals are thought
to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.
D. 3, 5.
Which distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by
the molecular phylogeny?
D. protostome and deuterostome.
Which of the following is a shared characteristic of all chordates?
D. dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the
A. phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles
Which is characteristic of all mammals, and only of mammals?
B. giving birth to live young (viviparous)
Which of the following statements about craniates is (are) correct? 1. Craniates are
more highly cephalized than are non-craniates; 2. Craniates’ genomic evolution includes duplication of clusters of genes that code for transcription factors; 3. The craniate clade is synonymous with the vertebrate clade; 4. Pharyngeal slits that can assist in gas exchange originated in craniates; 5. The two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates.
D. 1, 2, 4, and 5
Lampreys differ from hagfishes in
E. having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.
According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the
modification of
B. skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits
Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (i.e., most general) to least
inclusive (i.e. most specific). 1. Lobe-fins; 2. Amphibians; 3. Gnathostomes; 4.
Osteichthyans; 5. Tetrapods.
D. 3, 4, 1, 5, 2.
Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant (non-extinct) vertebrates?
A. ray-finned fishes
Which is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fully opposable thumbs?
C. anthropoids
Which choice best describes a reasonable evolutionary mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited to specific functions?
C. Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become
more abundant.
Regarding the evolution of specialized animal structures,
D. short-term adjustments to environmental changes are often mediated by physiological organ systems
A specialized function shared by the many cells lining the lungs and the lumen of the
gut is
B. increased exchange surface provided by their membranes
