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Ecology and Biodiversity > handout 7 > Flashcards

handout 7 Flashcards

1
Q

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the
sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte;
characteristic of plants and some algae

A

alternation of
generations

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2
Q

A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called
an ovary

A

angiosperm

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3
Q

In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen
grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form

A

anther

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4
Q

in plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes
develop

A

antheridium

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5
Q

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots; its dividing
cells enable the plant to grow in length

A

apical meristem

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6
Q

In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes
develop

A

archehonium

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7
Q

A member of one of three clades of early-diverging lineages of flowering
plants; examples are Amborella, water lilies, and star anise and its
relatives

A

basal angiosperm

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8
Q

An informal name for a moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant
that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular
plants

A

byrophyte

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9
Q

The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the
stigma, style, and ovary.

A

carpel

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10
Q

Member of the largest gymnosperm phylum; most are cone-bearing
trees, such as pines and firs

A

conifer

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11
Q

In angiosperms, the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one
plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species.

A

cross-pollination

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12
Q

A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells
unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the
zygote and endosperm

A

double fertilization

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13
Q

The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and
division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure that typically has
eight haploid nuclei.

A

embryo sac

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13
Q

Alternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived trait of
multicellular, dependent embryos.

A

embryophyte

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14
Q

In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm
with two polar nuclei during double fertilization; provides nourishment
to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds

A

endosperm

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15
Q

Member of a clade that contains the vast majority of flowering plants
that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons

A

eudicot

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16
Q

In an angiosperm, the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen-producing
reproductive organ of a flower

A

filament

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17
Q

In an angiosperm, a specialized shoot with up to four sets of modified
leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction

A

flower

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18
Q

(1) The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino
acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer
cells. (2) One of the three main parts of a mollusc; a muscular structure
usually used for movement.

A

foot

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19
Q

A mature ovary of a flower; protects dormant seeds and often aids in
their dispersal

A

fruit

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20
Q

Multicellular plant structure in which gametes are formed; female types
are called archegonia, and male types are called antheridia

A

gametangium

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21
Q

In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of
generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid
gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into
sporophytes

A

gametophyte

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22
Q

A vascular plant that bears naked seeds – seeds not enclosed in
protective chambers.

A

gymnosperm

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23
Q

Referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores,
which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which develop
into female gametophytes.

A

heterosporous

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24
Q

Referring to a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically
develops into a bisexual gametophyte

A

homosporous

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25
Q

A small, herbaceous, nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum
Anthocerophyta

A

hornwort

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26
Q

Layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule
of a seed plant

A

integument

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27
Q

A hard material embedded in the cellulose matrix of vascular plant cell
walls that provides structural support in terrestrial species

A

lignin

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28
Q

A small, herbaceous, non-vascular plant that is a member of the phylum
Hepatophyta

A

liverwort

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29
Q

An informal name for a phylum which includes club mosses, spike
mosses, and quillworts

A

lycophyte

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30
Q

Member of the angiosperm clade that is most closely related to the
combined eudicot and monocot clades; extant examples are magnolias,
laurels, and black pepper plants

A

magnoliid

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31
Q

A leaf with a highly branched vascular system, characteristic of the vast
majority of vascular plants

A

megaphyll

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32
Q

In lycophytes, a small leaf with a single unbranched vein

A

microphyll

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32
Q

Member of a clade consisting of flowering plants that have one
embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon.

A

monocot

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33
Q

A pore in the integuments of an ovule.

A

micropyle

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33
Q

A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male
gametophyte.

A

microspore

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34
Q

A small, herbaceous, nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum
Bryophyta

A

moss

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35
Q

A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus.

A

mycorrhiza

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36
Q

1) In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules
develop. (2) In animals, the structure that produces female gametes and
reproductive hormones.

A

ovary

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37
Q

A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains
the female gametophyte

A

ovule

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38
Q

Extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material often formed
primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum

A

peat

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39
Q

A ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures on the upper part of a moss
capsule (sporangium), often specialized for gradual spore discharge

A

peristome

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40
Q

A modified leaf of a flowering plant; are the often colourful part of a
flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators

A

petal

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41
Q

Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated
tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the
plant

A

phloem

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42
Q

In seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed
within a pollen wall.

A

pollen grain

43
Q

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a
process required for fertilization

A

pollination

44
Q

An extinct seedless vascular plant that may be ancestral to seed plants.

A

pro-gymnosperm

45
Q

An informal name for a member of the phylum Pterophyta, which
includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives

A

pterophyte

46
Q

A long, tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to
the ground; unlike roots they are not composed of tissues, lack
specialized conducting cells, and do not play a primary role in water and
mineral absorption

A

rhizoid

47
Q

An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to
absorb water and minerals from the soil.

A

root

48
Q

An adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo
packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat

A

seed

49
Q

An informal name for a plant that has vascular tissue but lacks seeds;
form a paraphyletic group that includes the phyla Lycophyta (club
mosses and their relatives) and Pterophyta (ferns and their relatives)

A

seedless vascular plant

50
Q

A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower
bud before it opens.

A

sepal

51
Q

The elongated stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte.

A

seta

52
Q

A cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll; may be arranged in various
patterns, such as parallel lines or dots, which are useful in fern
identification

A

sori

53
Q

A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and
haploid cells develop

A

sporangium

54
Q

1) In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of
generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis; can
divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the
gametophyte, without fusing with another cell. (2) In fungi, a haploid cell,
produced either sexually or asexually, that produces a mycelium after
germination.

A

spore

55
Q

A diploid cell, also known as a spore mother cell, that undergoes meiosis
and generates haploid spores

A

sporocyte

56
Q

A modified leaf that bears sporangia and hence is specialized for
reproduction

A

sporophyll

57
Q

In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of
generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of
gametes; produces haploid spores by meiosis.

A

sporophyte

58
Q

A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and
forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out

A

sporopollenin

59
Q

The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an
anther and a filament.

A

stamen

60
Q

The sticky part of a flower’s carpel, which receives pollen grains.

A

stigma

61
Q

Microscopic pores surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves
and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the
interior of the plant.

A

stomata

62
Q

The technical term for a cluster of sporophylls known commonly as a
cone, found in most gymnosperms and some seedless vascular plants.

A

strobi

63
Q

The stalk of a flower’s carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma
at the top

A

style

64
Q

A long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all
vascular plants; when functioning they are no longer living.

A

tracheid

65
Q

A plant with vascular tissue; include all living plant species except
liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

A

vascular plant

66
Q

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and
nutrients throughout the plant body.

A

vascular tissue

67
Q

Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct
most of the water and minerals upward from roots to the rest of plant.

A

xylem

68
Q

concept 7.1

A

land plants evolved from green algae

69
Q

concept 7.2

A

mosses and other plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes

70
Q

concept 7.3

A

ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall

71
Q

concept 8.1

A

seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land

72
Q

concept 8.2

A

gymnosperms bear ‘naked’ seeds, typically on cones

73
Q

concept 8.3

A

the reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits

74
Q

concept 8.4

A

human welfare depends greatly on seed plants

75
Q

The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was probably similar to modern-day members of which group?

A

C. charophytes

76
Q

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to

A

D. sporopollenin

77
Q

The following are common to both charophytes and land plants except

A

B. lignin

78
Q

On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant?

A

E. embryos

79
Q

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind
the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that

A

B. plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae

80
Q

Which of the following taxa includes the largest amount of genetic diversity among plant-like organisms?

A

B. Viridiplantae.

81
Q

Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except

A

C. lignified vascular tissue

82
Q

Plant spores are produced directly by

A

A. sporophytes

83
Q

Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures
that develop after germination? 1. Embryo; 2. Gametes; 3. Sporophyte; 4. Protonema; 5. Gametophore

A

C. 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3

84
Q

A fungal infection damages all peristomes, preventing them from performing their function. Which process will be directly hindered as a result?

A

E. broadcast of spores

85
Q

If you are looking for structures that transfer water and nutrients from a bryophyte gametophyte to a bryophyte sporophyte, then on which part of the sporophyte should you focus your attention?

A

C. foot

86
Q

You are hiking in a forest and happen upon a plant featuring a central stem-like
structure from which sprout many, tiny, leaf-like structures. Which of these would be the most certain means of distinguishing whether it was a true moss, or a club moss?

A

E. the appearance of its spore-producing structures

87
Q

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are noted: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to

A

C. ferns

88
Q

You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in helping you correctly classify the plant?

A

B. whether it has microphylls or megaphylls

89
Q

A major change that occurred during the evolution of plants from their algal ancestors was the origin of a branched sporophyte. What advantage would branched sporophytes provide in this stage of the life cycle?

A

B. increased spore production

90
Q

Sporophylls can be found in which of the following?

A

D. pterophytes.

91
Q

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. Spores; 2. Sporophylls; 3. Sporophytes; 4. Sporangia.

A

E. 3, 2, 4, 1

92
Q

Working from deep geologic strata toward shallow geologic strata, what is the sequence in which fossils of these groups should make their first appearance? 1.Charophytes; 2. Single-celled green algae; 3. Hornworts; 4. Plants with a dominant
sporophyte

A

C. 2 → 1 → 3 → 4

93
Q

During glacial periods in the early evolution of land plants, which of these is a beneficial adaptation regarding the number of stomata per unit surface area, and what accounts for it?

A

D. decreased numbers of stomata, to maximize absorption of ever-decreasing
levels of atmospheric CO 2

94
Q

The result of heterospory is

A

B. the existence of male and female gametophytes

95
Q

Which of the following is an ongoing trend in the evolution of land plants?

A

B. reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle

96
Q

All of the following cellular structures are functionally important in cells of the
gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms, except

A

D. chloroplasts

97
Q

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-
producing plants?

A

C. pollen.

98
Q

Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow

A

B. in dense, single-species stands

99
Q

Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms? 1.
pollen transported by wind; 2. lignified xylem; 3. microscopic gametophytes; 4. sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators; 5. endosperm

A

C. 1, 2, and 3.

100
Q

Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A

C. ovule

101
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

A

B. double internal fertilization

102
Q

Which of these statements is true of monocots?

A

C. They, along with the eudicots, magnoliids, and basal angiosperms, are
currently placed in the phylum Anthophyta

103
Q

Carpels and stamens are

A

E. modified sporophylls

104
Q

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?

A

A. ovule

105
Q

Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit?

A

D. ovary.

106
Q

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of these features is unique to them and helps account for their success?

A

C. fruits enclosing seeds

107
Q

Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the
features of plants that have long been used by humans as staple foods?

A

B. artificial selection

108
Q
A

Ecology and Biodiversity (9 decks)

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