handout 7 Flashcards
A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the
sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte;
characteristic of plants and some algae
alternation of
generations
A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called
an ovary
angiosperm
In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen
grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form
anther
in plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes
develop
antheridium
Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots; its dividing
cells enable the plant to grow in length
apical meristem
In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes
develop
archehonium
A member of one of three clades of early-diverging lineages of flowering
plants; examples are Amborella, water lilies, and star anise and its
relatives
basal angiosperm
An informal name for a moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant
that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular
plants
byrophyte
The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the
stigma, style, and ovary.
carpel
Member of the largest gymnosperm phylum; most are cone-bearing
trees, such as pines and firs
conifer
In angiosperms, the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one
plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species.
cross-pollination
A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells
unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the
zygote and endosperm
double fertilization
The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and
division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure that typically has
eight haploid nuclei.
embryo sac
Alternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived trait of
multicellular, dependent embryos.
embryophyte
In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm
with two polar nuclei during double fertilization; provides nourishment
to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds
endosperm
Member of a clade that contains the vast majority of flowering plants
that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons
eudicot
In an angiosperm, the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen-producing
reproductive organ of a flower
filament
In an angiosperm, a specialized shoot with up to four sets of modified
leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction
flower
(1) The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino
acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer
cells. (2) One of the three main parts of a mollusc; a muscular structure
usually used for movement.
foot
A mature ovary of a flower; protects dormant seeds and often aids in
their dispersal
fruit
Multicellular plant structure in which gametes are formed; female types
are called archegonia, and male types are called antheridia
gametangium
In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of
generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid
gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into
sporophytes
gametophyte
A vascular plant that bears naked seeds – seeds not enclosed in
protective chambers.
gymnosperm
Referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores,
which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which develop
into female gametophytes.
heterosporous
Referring to a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically
develops into a bisexual gametophyte
homosporous
A small, herbaceous, nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum
Anthocerophyta
hornwort
Layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule
of a seed plant
integument
A hard material embedded in the cellulose matrix of vascular plant cell
walls that provides structural support in terrestrial species
lignin
A small, herbaceous, non-vascular plant that is a member of the phylum
Hepatophyta
liverwort
An informal name for a phylum which includes club mosses, spike
mosses, and quillworts
lycophyte
Member of the angiosperm clade that is most closely related to the
combined eudicot and monocot clades; extant examples are magnolias,
laurels, and black pepper plants
magnoliid
A leaf with a highly branched vascular system, characteristic of the vast
majority of vascular plants
megaphyll
In lycophytes, a small leaf with a single unbranched vein
microphyll
Member of a clade consisting of flowering plants that have one
embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon.
monocot
A pore in the integuments of an ovule.
micropyle
A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male
gametophyte.
microspore
A small, herbaceous, nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum
Bryophyta
moss
A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus.
mycorrhiza
1) In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules
develop. (2) In animals, the structure that produces female gametes and
reproductive hormones.
ovary
A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains
the female gametophyte
ovule
Extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material often formed
primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum
peat
A ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures on the upper part of a moss
capsule (sporangium), often specialized for gradual spore discharge
peristome
A modified leaf of a flowering plant; are the often colourful part of a
flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators
petal
Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated
tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the
plant
phloem
In seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed
within a pollen wall.
pollen grain
The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a
process required for fertilization
pollination
An extinct seedless vascular plant that may be ancestral to seed plants.
pro-gymnosperm
An informal name for a member of the phylum Pterophyta, which
includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives
pterophyte
A long, tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to
the ground; unlike roots they are not composed of tissues, lack
specialized conducting cells, and do not play a primary role in water and
mineral absorption
rhizoid
An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to
absorb water and minerals from the soil.
root
An adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo
packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat
seed
An informal name for a plant that has vascular tissue but lacks seeds;
form a paraphyletic group that includes the phyla Lycophyta (club
mosses and their relatives) and Pterophyta (ferns and their relatives)
seedless vascular plant
A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower
bud before it opens.
sepal
The elongated stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte.
seta
A cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll; may be arranged in various
patterns, such as parallel lines or dots, which are useful in fern
identification
sori
A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and
haploid cells develop
sporangium
1) In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of
generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis; can
divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the
gametophyte, without fusing with another cell. (2) In fungi, a haploid cell,
produced either sexually or asexually, that produces a mycelium after
germination.
spore
A diploid cell, also known as a spore mother cell, that undergoes meiosis
and generates haploid spores
sporocyte
A modified leaf that bears sporangia and hence is specialized for
reproduction
sporophyll
In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of
generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of
gametes; produces haploid spores by meiosis.
sporophyte
A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and
forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out
sporopollenin
The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an
anther and a filament.
stamen
The sticky part of a flower’s carpel, which receives pollen grains.
stigma
Microscopic pores surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves
and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the
interior of the plant.
stomata
The technical term for a cluster of sporophylls known commonly as a
cone, found in most gymnosperms and some seedless vascular plants.
strobi
The stalk of a flower’s carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma
at the top
style
A long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all
vascular plants; when functioning they are no longer living.
tracheid
A plant with vascular tissue; include all living plant species except
liverworts, mosses, and hornworts
vascular plant
Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and
nutrients throughout the plant body.
vascular tissue
Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct
most of the water and minerals upward from roots to the rest of plant.
xylem
concept 7.1
land plants evolved from green algae
concept 7.2
mosses and other plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
concept 7.3
ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall
concept 8.1
seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land
concept 8.2
gymnosperms bear ‘naked’ seeds, typically on cones
concept 8.3
the reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits
concept 8.4
human welfare depends greatly on seed plants
The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was probably similar to modern-day members of which group?
C. charophytes
The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to
D. sporopollenin
The following are common to both charophytes and land plants except
B. lignin
On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant?
E. embryos
Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind
the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that
B. plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae
Which of the following taxa includes the largest amount of genetic diversity among plant-like organisms?
B. Viridiplantae.
Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except
C. lignified vascular tissue
Plant spores are produced directly by
A. sporophytes
Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures
that develop after germination? 1. Embryo; 2. Gametes; 3. Sporophyte; 4. Protonema; 5. Gametophore
C. 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3
A fungal infection damages all peristomes, preventing them from performing their function. Which process will be directly hindered as a result?
E. broadcast of spores
If you are looking for structures that transfer water and nutrients from a bryophyte gametophyte to a bryophyte sporophyte, then on which part of the sporophyte should you focus your attention?
C. foot
You are hiking in a forest and happen upon a plant featuring a central stem-like
structure from which sprout many, tiny, leaf-like structures. Which of these would be the most certain means of distinguishing whether it was a true moss, or a club moss?
E. the appearance of its spore-producing structures
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are noted: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to
C. ferns
You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in helping you correctly classify the plant?
B. whether it has microphylls or megaphylls
A major change that occurred during the evolution of plants from their algal ancestors was the origin of a branched sporophyte. What advantage would branched sporophytes provide in this stage of the life cycle?
B. increased spore production
Sporophylls can be found in which of the following?
D. pterophytes.
Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. Spores; 2. Sporophylls; 3. Sporophytes; 4. Sporangia.
E. 3, 2, 4, 1
Working from deep geologic strata toward shallow geologic strata, what is the sequence in which fossils of these groups should make their first appearance? 1.Charophytes; 2. Single-celled green algae; 3. Hornworts; 4. Plants with a dominant
sporophyte
C. 2 → 1 → 3 → 4
During glacial periods in the early evolution of land plants, which of these is a beneficial adaptation regarding the number of stomata per unit surface area, and what accounts for it?
D. decreased numbers of stomata, to maximize absorption of ever-decreasing
levels of atmospheric CO 2
The result of heterospory is
B. the existence of male and female gametophytes
Which of the following is an ongoing trend in the evolution of land plants?
B. reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle
All of the following cellular structures are functionally important in cells of the
gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms, except
D. chloroplasts
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-
producing plants?
C. pollen.
Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow
B. in dense, single-species stands
Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms? 1.
pollen transported by wind; 2. lignified xylem; 3. microscopic gametophytes; 4. sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators; 5. endosperm
C. 1, 2, and 3.
Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?
C. ovule
Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?
B. double internal fertilization
Which of these statements is true of monocots?
C. They, along with the eudicots, magnoliids, and basal angiosperms, are
currently placed in the phylum Anthophyta
Carpels and stamens are
E. modified sporophylls
Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?
A. ovule
Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit?
D. ovary.
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of these features is unique to them and helps account for their success?
C. fruits enclosing seeds
Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the
features of plants that have long been used by humans as staple foods?
B. artificial selection
