Handout 7: Upper articulatory aspects of speech production Flashcards
what do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?
are contained in the tongue w no external attachment
shape and produce fine movements of the tongue
what are the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue
superior longitudinal
inferior longitudinal
transverse
vertical
superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue …
elevates the tip
inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue
pulls tip down and retracts
transverse muscle of the tongue
narrows, pulls edges toward midline
vertical muscle of the tongue …
pulls tongue down towards the floor of the mouth
extrinsic muscles of the tongue do what
have an attachment externally
work in placement and position of the tongue in the oral cavity
what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue
genioglossus
hypoglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus
the genioglossus muscle of the tongue…
retracts (anterior) or protrudes (posterior)
the hypoglossus muscle of the tongue…
pulls sides of the tongue down
the palatoglossus muscle of the tongue…
elevates back of the tongue
the styloglossus muscle of the tongue…
elevates and retracts the tongue
what are the 5 muscles of the velar muscles? (soft palate)
levator veli palatini
uvula
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
tensor palatini
the levator veli palatini is where + does what
velum
elevates velum, closes velopharynx (superior pharyngeal constrictor - squeezes lateral and posterior wall of pharynx against velum)
the uvula is where and does what
a muscle of the velum
it elevates the velum but has a minor role
palatoglossus is where and does what
in velum
lowers velum and opens velopharynx
palatopharyngaus is where and does what
in velum
lowers velum and narrows pharynx
tensor palatini is where and does what
in velum and opens the eustachian tube
what are the 7 muscles of the lips
orbicularis oris
levator labii superioris
levator anguli oris
zygomaticus major and minor
depressor anguli oris
depressor labii inferiorus
mentalis
orbicularis oris…
protrudes, puckers, and closes the lips
levator labii superioris,
levator anguli oris,
zygomaticus major and minor alll do what?
elevates the upper lip
depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferiorus, and mentalis all do what?
lowers the lower lip
what are the 4 jaw muscles
masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
what 3 jaw muscles close the jaw
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
what jaw muscle opens the jaw
lateral pterygoid
what are the 5 methods for studying movement of the tongue
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
X-ray
magnetometer
ultrasound
electropalatography (EPG)
how does an MRI measure tongue movement
uses a combination of strong magnetic fields and radio waves to measure tissue density and create a 3-D image of a body part
– relatively low invasiveness
- the complete vocal tract and structures can be viewed in 3-D; slow sampling rate so limited to static or continuous speech sounds
how does X-ray measure tongue movement
- photos projected thru a body part = passes thru soft tissue more than dense
- create 2-D image
- produces a continuous movie of dyanmic speech movements
- v invasive
how does a magnetometer measure tongue movements
pulsing electromagnetic signals track the movement of target points on the articulators
movements = changes in signal strength
continuous movement of specific targets
expensive
how can ultrasound be used to measure tongue movements
waves projected into body and reflected
tongue can be imaged continuously during speech
non invasive and not expensive
how does electropalatography EPG measure tongue movements
mini electrodes on artificial palate
tongue contact w continuous speech
not invasive and reasonable cost
2 methods for studying velum (soft palate) - second is a group of them
- nasendoscopy
- MRI/Xray/magnetometer
what are the 3 ways to measure movement of the lip and jaw
lip/jaw strain gage
optotrak
magnetometer
lip/jaw strain gage measures lip/jaw movement by
uses small steel beams - when they bend they create electrical signal
2D/3D image, continuous speech
not invasive, not expensive
optotrak measure lip/jaw movements by
infared light emitting diodes (markers) attached to the articulators
the light emitting markers are recorded and tracked using 3 cameras; 3-D traces of the markers can be obtained during continuous speech
not invasive; reasonable cost ; only for visible articulators
describe the movement of our lips/jaw during speech, what about chewing?
upper lip movements are relatively small
jaw movements are strongly coupled (occur in parallel) with lower lip or tongue movements and usually add together to produce larger lip+jaw or tongue+jaw movements
jaw for chewing 40mm; max. opening 60mm; at rest jaw open about 3mm
describe how maximum repetition rates (MRR) change based on age
MRR = How quick you can say a syllable
under 10 years of age MRR are slower than adults by 1-2 syll/sec
geriatric indvs have MRR slower than young adults (dec q1-2 syll/s)
men may be slightly faster than women
what is the max force of the upper lip closing
4 N
what is the max force of the lower lip closing
12 N
what is the tongue tip protrusion force
20 N
what is the jaw closing force
+100 N
what part of the articulation sys has the smallest closing force, the biggest?
upper lip 4N, jaw +100N
forces using during speech production are approx ___ or ___ (____%of max)
2N or less, 10-20%
