Handout 1: Resp Sys 1 Flashcards
primary muscles of inspiration
diaphragm, external intercostals
primary muscles of expiration
abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominal) and internal intercostals
secondary muscles of exp/insp
several neck and thorax muscles
quiet breathing involves
Primarily contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm
adult quiet rest breathing rate
12-18 BPM
Infant quiet rest breathing rate
40-70 BPM
children quiet rest breathing rate
18-25 bpm
Why is the rate of quiet rest breathing the way it is?
inhale/exhale time 40/60%; nose breathing predominates over mouth, abdominal movements (diaphragm) predominate over rib cage movements
tidal volume
the volume of air that we breath in and out during a cycle of respiration
norms for TV for age/gender
adult male = 600 - 750 cubic centimetres (cc) or millilitres (ml) or .60 - .75 litres (l)
adult female = 450 cc
increases with age; 7yrs = 200 cc; 13yrs = 390 cc (see table 2.5 or (7.5))
Vital capacity
volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
total volume of air available
combination of 3 volume; 1. inspiratory reserve volume 2. expiratory reserve volume 3. tidal volume
norms for VC by age
VC for young adults 5000 – 5300 cc
VC for children 5yrs = 1000 – 1200 cc; 13yrs = 3000 - 3500 cc (table 2.5 or (7.5))
VC decreases by about 10-20% for older adults; 75yrs = 4500 cc (table 2.6 or (7.6))
Within your total respiratory range (vital capacity), where does your rest breathing take place?
10%
Within your total respiratory range (vital capacity), where does your speech breathing take place?
20%
Within your total respiratory range (vital capacity), where does your loud speech breathing take place?
40%
Within your total respiratory range (vital capacity), where does your child speech breathing take place?
35%
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
volume of air that can be exhaled below tidal volume
residual volume RV
volume of air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration and that cannot be voluntarily expelled (adults 1000-1500cc)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
volume of air remaining in the lungs and airway at the end-expiratory level (ERV+ RV)
Total lung capacity
total amount lungs can hold; TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Maximum Respiratory Performance (Volume)
maximum phonation time (MPT) can be used as a rough estimate of maximum respiratory volume but it is influenced by laryngeal function. High laryngeal resistance can inflate MPT values
MPT norms for gender and age
young adult males = 28 sec (22-35sec); young adult females = 23 sec (15-26sec)
elderly males = 13.8 sec (13-18 sec); elderly females = 14 sec (10-15sec)
maximum /s/ durations remove the laryngeal component and appear to be comparable to MPT in normals. 20-30 sec for young adults; 14-20 sec for older adults (need more norms)
diffs bw life and speech breathing
Location of air intake = nose for life breathing, speech = mouth breathing
Ratio of time for inhalation versus exhalation: life = 40/60 % inhalation/exhalation, speech = 10/90 % inhalation/exhalation
Volume of air: life = 10% of VC, speech = 20-25% of VC
Muscle activity for exhalation
life = Passive; muscles of thorax and diaphragm relax
speech = Active; muscles of thorax and abdomen contract to control recoil of the ribcage and diaphragm
breath group
of words per breath
breath group norms (words per breath), dec or inc w age?
adults 11-16 words per breath
dec w age
