Handout 2: Resp sys 2

Question 1

Framework for evaluating respiratory function

Answer 1

1) Volume 2) Air Pressure 3) Airflow 4) Chest wall shape & movement

Question 2

air pressure

Answer 2

the forces generated by the respiratory process

force per unit area (centimeters of water: cmH2O) (Table 1.6)

reflects the power supply for speech

Question 3

Palv

Answer 3

alveolar pressure = pressure inside the lungs

Question 4

Ps

Answer 4

subglottal pressure = pressure below the vocal folds

Question 5

Ptrach

Answer 5

tracheal pressure = pressure below the vocal folds and inside the trachea

Question 6

Poral

Answer 6

oral pressure = pressure inside the mouth (intraoral pressure)

Question 7

Pnasal

Answer 7

nasal pressure = pressure inside the nasal cavities

Question 8

indirect noninvasive method can be used to estimate subglottal/tracheal/alveolar pressures

Answer 8

measurement of oral pressure during /p/ closure gives a good estimate

Question 9

‘5 cmH2O for 5 seconds’ rule

Answer 9

useful for slow continuous (static) pressures (i.e. determine if a patient can hold a given pressure for a specific length of time

a useful estimate of a patient’s ability to demonstrate the minimal air pressure requirements for speech

the straw in a glass procedure is a simple method for assessing 5cmH2O for 5 sec

Question 10

Air Pressure Transducer

Answer 10

pressure creates a continuous electrical signal for display on an oscilloscope or computer

tube placed on the end of the transducer and inserted into the mouth

pressure obtained during /p/ in continuous speech provides an estimate of speech subglottal pressures

Question 11

conversational speech has a pressure of

Answer 11

5-10 cm H2O

Question 12

pressure increases fairly consistently with….

Answer 12

speech loudness (double air pressure and see an increase in loudness 8-9dB)

Question 13

maximum effort air pressures (cmH2O) by age and gender

Answer 13

averages adults

young male 166

older male 123

young female 121

older female 87

children 35-50 cmH2O

Question 14

intraoral pressures for speech sounds

Answer 14

voiceless plosives 5-7 cmH2O

voiced plosives 3-4

voiceless fricatives 4-6

voiced fricatives 2-3

glides/liquids 0.5-1

nasals 0.2-0.4

Question 15

airflow is

Answer 15

change in volume of air over a certain period of time

also referred to as volume velocity

preferred unit of measure ml/sec (also ml/min and l/sec)

Question 16

2 Devices to measure airflow

Answer 16

Rotameter - elevation of a small ball in a tapered and calibrated glasstube

Pneumotachograph – air flow transducer which provides continuous electrical signal for oscilloscopic display or computer - thru face mask
based on change in pressure across a constant resistance
flow = (pressure 1 - pressure 2)/ resistance

Question 17

rotameter is better at measuing ____ airflow, pneumotachograph is better at measuring ____ air flow

Answer 17

• primarily for continuous static measures of airflow
• not for rapid dynamic airflows found in continuous speech

can be used for airflow during speech

Question 18

average airflow during conversation is largely related to…

Answer 18

the air flow during vowels which take up most of the speech time (average for adults 170 ml/sec)

Question 19

average airflow for adults is

Answer 19

170 ml/sec

Question 20

consonant air flows are mostly ___ than vowels

Answer 20

higher, not for voiced fricatives and glides/liquids tho

Question 21

vowel average air flow is

Answer 21

100-150 ml/sec

Question 22

laryngeal resistance

Answer 22

use of oral air pressure and oral air flow to estimate laryngeal resistance

Resistance = pressure/flow (also Pressure = flow * resistance; re: ohm’s law)

Question 23

average adult laryngeal resistance

Answer 23

35 cmH2O/L/sec

Question 24

breathy voices have a ____ and strained voices have a ____ laryngeal resistance

Answer 24

lower, higher

Question 25

2 components of lung volume changes related to movements of the chest wall are

Answer 25

ribcage
abdomen

Question 26

if you measure the changes in the diameter of the ribcage and abdomen during breathing these will measure

Answer 26

total lung volume TVC

Question 27

inductive plethysmography

Answer 27

measures chest wall movement - aka TLV

Respitrace Instrument – 2 coiled wires wrap around RC and ABD(Fig. 3.3(8.2))

                                          -as the diameter of the coiled wires changes there are 

                                            changes in the inductance (electromagnetic levels) 

                                           - movement of RC and ABD is continuously (dynamic) 

                                             obtained as an electric signal

Question 28

magnetometer

Answer 28

measures chest wall movements aka TLV

pairs of transmitter and receiver magnetic coils are placed on

                                   the front and back of the RC and ABD 

                                 - changes in RC and ABD diameter cause changes in the 

                                   magnetic forces between the coils; this is detected as a       

                                   continuous (dynamic) electrical signal