handling and processing of non-blood specimens for lab testing Flashcards
1
Q
liquid or semiliquid substances produced by the body
found within various organs and body spaces
A
non-blood specimens
2
Q
the 4 roles of the phlebotomist
A
- specimen collection
- gives instructions
- labeling or transporting the specimens to the lab
- processing
3
Q
what is the most frequently analyzed non-blood body fluid?
A
urine
4
Q
The analysis of _______ can aid in:
- monitoring wellness
- diagnosis and treatment of UTI
- detection and monitoring the progress of treatment in metabolic disease
- determining effectiveness or complications of therapy
A
urine
5
Q
The most commonly requested urine test
A
Routine Urinalysis (UA)
6
Q
What does routine urinalysis include?
A
physical, chemical, microscopic analysis of the urine specimen
7
Q
Should urine be transported with ice?
A
yes na yes for u
8
Q
Normal color of urine
A
yellow
9
Q
Normal clarity of urine
A
Clear
10
Q
Abnormal clarity of urine
A
turbid
11
Q
What do phlebotomists use to detect presence of microorganisms in the urine?
A
plastic reagent strip (dipstick)
12
Q
How much volume is needed to centrifuge for microscopic analysis of urine?
A
10-15 mL
13
Q
The recommended and ideal to ensure that there is no contamination caused by genital secretions, pubic hair, or bacteria surrounding the urinary opening.
A
midstream collection
14
Q
Urine container must be
A
clear and dry, chemically clean, with tight-fitting lids
15
Q
Should urine be protected from light?
A
yes na yes again
16
Q
In urine culture and sensitivity, how long should it be incubated?
A
18 to 24 hours at 35 to 37 degrees celsius
17
Q
It is to detect cancer, cytomegalovirus, and other
viral and inflammatory diseases of the UT
A
Urine Cytology Studies
18
Q
Smear containing cells from the UT is stained using the _____________
A
Papanicolaou (PAP) method
19
Q
It is used to detect illegal use of recreational drugs
A
Urine Drug Testing
20
Q
Does urine drug screening involves custody and control forms?
A
yeshhhh
21
Q
Does diluted urine sample give a positive result?
A
naurr, it gives FALSE NEGATIVE result
22
Q
Diseases related to glucose in urine
A
- diabetes mellitus
- renal diseases
23
Q
Disease related to ketones in urine
A
diabetic ketoacidosis
24
Q
In Urine Pregnancy Testing:
It is produced by cells within the developing placenta in serum and urine 8-10 days after conception
A
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
25
Preferred specimen for HCG
first morning specimen since urine is concentrated
26
In which patient does HCG hormone also appears?
patients with certain types of cancer and people with trophoblastic diseases
27
Types of Urine Specimens:
It is collected at any time
Random Urine Specimen
28
Types of Urine Specimens:
It has the most concentrated sample since it is collected in the morning after 8 hours of sleep
- first voided specimen / overnight specimen
First Morning / 8-Hour Specimen
29
Types of Urine Specimens:
- second specimen voided after fasting
- for glucose monitoring
Fasting / Fasting Second Morning
30
Types of Urine Specimens:
- collected at specific times (ex. 2 hours after meal)
- collected and pooled throughout a specific time period
Timed
31
Types of Urine Specimens: Timed
specimens for traditional standard Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)
- collected serially at specific times that correspond with the timing of blood collection
Tolerance Test Specimen
32
Types of Urine Specimens: Timed
2 hours after a meal and tested for glucose
- to monitor insulin therapy
- void shortly before consuming a normal meal then collect a specimen 2 hours later
2 Hour Post Prandial
33
Types of Urine Specimens: Timed
For quantitative analysis
- collect and pool urine voided in 24 hours
24-Hour Specimen
34
Types of Urine Specimens: Timed
- requires emptying the bladder and then waiting a specified amount of time before collecting the specimen
Double-Voided Specimen
35
Urine Collection Methods
the patient voids or urinates into a clean container
Regular Voided
36
Urine Collection Methods
- patient voids the INITIAL URINE FLOW
- mid flow urine is COLLECTED in a specimen container
- LAST OF THE URINE FLOW is VOIDED into the toilet
Midstream
37
Urine Collection Methods
- sterile container is used for microbial analysis or C&S testing
- special cleaning of the genital area is required
Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen
38
Urine Collection Methods
collected from a sterile catheter inserted through the urethra into the bladder
Catheterization
39
Urine Collection Methods
- aspirate the urine directly from the bladder using a needle
- for microbial analysis or cytology studies
Suprapubic Collection
40
Urine Collection Methods
- plastic urine collection bag with hypoallergenic
skin adhesive
- patient’s genital area is cleaned and dried before the bag is taped to the skin
Pediatric Urine Collection
41
Clear, colorless to pale-yellow fluid in the amniotic sac that surrounds and cushions a fetus in the uterus
Amniotic Fluid
42
What is used to collect amniotic fluid after 15 weeks of gestation?
transabdominal amniocentesis
43
Amniotic Fluid - Fetal Lung Maturity
this acts as surfactants to keep the alveoli of the lungs inflated
Phospholipids
44
Amniotic Fluid Specimen Handling and Storage
What test that is needed to protect from light?
Bilirubin
45
Amniotic Fluid Specimen Handling and Storage
chromosome analysis specimen must be kept at...
room temperature
46
Amniotic Fluid Specimen Handling and Storage
FLM / chemistry tests specimen must be kept...
on ice / refrigerated
47
Maximum time of amniotic fluid delivery
1 hour - ASAP
48
A clear, colorless fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
- collection: lumbar puncture
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
49
Collection of Spinal Tap in adults
between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae
50
Collection of Spinal Tap in young / neonates
between 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae
51
CSF three special sterile tubes
What test is tube 1 for?
chemistry, serology
52
CSF three special sterile tubes
What test is tube 2 for?
microbiology
53
CSF three special sterile tubes
What test is tube 3 for?
hematology
54
CSF three special sterile tubes
How to preserve tube 1?
freeze
55
CSF three special sterile tubes
How to preserve tube 2?
at room temp
56
CSF three special sterile tubes
How to preserve tube 3?
refrigerate
57
CSF three special sterile tubes
Tube 4 is for?
Microbiologic tests
Cytologic studies
Additional tests
58
examines stomach contents for abnormal substances
evaluates stomach acid production
Gastric Analysis
59
Gastric Analysis: Basal Sample
aspirating gastric fluid by means of a tube
passed through the mouth and throat (oropharynx) or nose and throat (nasopharynx) into the stomach after a period of _____________
fasting
60
Steps of Nasopharyngeal Swab
1. Insert swab gently into the nose and passed into the nasopharynx until resistance is encountered
2. Rotate gently, then carefully remove
3. Place in a sterile tube containing transport medium.
4. Label, and deliver to the laboratory.
61
What to use for nasopharyngeal swab?
synthetic fiber swabs with thin plastic or wire shafts
62
What specimen does CDC recommends collecting in nasopharyngeal swab?
NP specimen
63
- for diagnosis of streptococcal infections
- collected using a special kit containing a sterile polyester-tipped swab in a covered transport tube
Oropharyngeal Swab (Throat swab)
64
fluid secreted by the glands inside the mouth
saliva
65
Saliva for hormone tests are...
typically frozen to ensure stability and sent to a
laboratory for testing
66
sperm-containing thick, yellowish-white fluid
- discharged during male ejaculation
Semen (seminal fluid)
67
Should semen be kept warm / body temp and protected from light?
YAAAAAAAAAAAAAS
68
basic examinations of semen
* Sperm concentration
* Motility
* Morphology Percentage
69
pale-yellow, watery, serum-like fluid
- found between the double-layered membranes enclosing the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
Serous Fluid
70
Serous Fluid
Pleural fluid:
pleural cavity (lungs)
71
Serous Fluid
Peritoneal Fluid:
abdominal cavity
72
Serous Fluid
Pericardial Fluid:
pericardial cavity (heart)
73
Serous Fluid
EDTA tubes:
for cell counts and smears
74
Serous Fluid
Heparin / sodium fluoride tubes:
for chemistry tests
75
Serous Fluid
Non-anticoagulant tubes:
for biochemical tests
76
Serous Fluid
in sterile heparinized:
for culture
77
mucus and phlegm
- ejected from the trachea, bronchi, and lungs through deep coughing
Sputum
78
is sputum First Morning Specimen?
OMCM
79
minimum amount of sputum required
3 to 5 mL
80
is sputum transported at body temperature?
nOOOOOO at room temp
81
* Collection: pilocarpine into the skin by iontophoresis
* analyzed for chloride
Sweat Chloride Test
82
exocrine gland disorder
cystic fibrosis
83
is sweat also used to detect illegal drug use?
yuhhhhh
84
clear, pale-yellow, viscous fluid
- joint fluid
- lubricates and decreases friction in movable joints
- normally occurs in small amounts
- increases when inflammation is present
Synovial Fluid
85
Synovial Fluid 3 Tubes
EDTA or heparin tube:
* cell counts, crystals
Sterile tube:
* culture and sensitivity
Non-additive tube:
* macroscopic appearance, chemistry, immunology tests and to observe clot formation
86
less invasive, painless alternative to blood
collection for obtaining cells for DNA analysis
Buccal (Cheek) Swab
87
site of blood cell production
Bone Marrow anteh anaphy 101
88
examined to detect and identify blood diseases
bone marrow aspirate
89
In Bone Marrow Aspirate:
physician inserts a special large-gauge needle into the bone marrow in the ______ (hip bone) or ___________ (breastbone)
iliac crest, sternum
90
rapid, noninvasive to detect Helicobacter pylori
Urea Breath Test
91
damages lining of the stomach; causes chronic gastritis
H. pylori
92
- problems with digestion of lactose & fructose
- most accurate lactose tolerance test
- used to detect bacterial overgrowth in small intestine
Hydrogen Gas Breath Test
93
specimen is for evaluation of gastrointestinal disorders
Feces / Stool
94
How much grams of stool is required?
5 g lang jusko di puno
95
- for trace and heavy metal analysis
- detection of drugs of abuse
- easy to obtain and cannot easily be altered or tampered
- shows evidence of chronic drug use rather than recent use
hair
96
these specimens are from biopsies
- preserved using formalin / another suitable solutions
Tissue Specimens
97
what tissues must not be put in formalin?
tissues for genetic analysis
98
Serous Fluid
increase in fluid volume
effusion
