hand and wrist pathology

Question 1

carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 1

is defined as the impairment of motor and/or sensory function of the median nerve as it traverses through the carpal tunnel

Question 2

Carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms?

Answer 2

• pins and needles

- pain (particularly at night)

Question 3

Carpal tunnel syndrome causes?

Answer 3

• anything that causes swelling
• repetitive hand movement
• pregnancy
• arthritis

Question 4

Sonographic assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)?

Answer 4

• nerve swelling at the distal forearm or proximal tunnel
• nerve flattening in the distal carpal tunnel and palmar bowing of the flexor retinaculum
• Compressed nerves may exhibit loss of the normal fascicular pattern and reduced echogenicity
• Compression of the median nerve leads to an enlargement of its cross-sectional area (CSA)

Question 5

A CSA measurement greater than ___mm2at the level of the proximal tunnel is reported to be the best criterion for median nerve compression diagnosis, while measurements smaller than ___mm2reliably exclude CTS

Answer 5

9mm2

8mm2

Question 6

Trigger finger aka?

Answer 6

stenosing tenosynovitis

Question 7

what is trigger finger?

Answer 7

repetitive microtrauma results in thickening of the A1 pulley, which leads to stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor tendons

Question 8

trigger finger s/s?

Answer 8

• difficult to straighten or bend the affected finger

- finger transiently gets locked in the flexed position and then with a painful snapping sensation goes into extension

Question 9

ultrasound findings of trigger finger?

Answer 9

• thickening of the A1 pulley that overlies the metacarpal heads
• alteration in echotexture of the flexor tendons that pass through the digital tunnel
• synovial sheath effusion around the tendons

Question 10

Ganglion Cyst?

Answer 10

• non-malignant cystic massesthat occur withinmuscles, menisci and tendons
• occur more often in women
• cause is unknown
• most commonly occur in relation todorsum of wrist

Question 11

other locations of ganglion cyst?

Answer 11

• knee, e.g.ACL ganglion cyst
• spinoglenoid notch:spinoglenoid notch ganglion cyst
• ankle: foot

Question 12

Ganglion Cyst?

Answer 12

anechoic to hypoechoic on ultrasound and have well defined margins3,5. Many demonstrateinternal septations as well as acoustic enhancement

Question 13

Answer 13

caral tunnel syndrome

Question 14

Answer 14

trigger finger

Question 15

Answer 15

ganglion cyst