Hand Flashcards
Rotate the hands laterally until the digits are separated on a 45 degrees foam wedge
Hand digits PA Oblique Rotation (Lateral Projection)
Lewis suggested directing the CR 10-15 degrees along the long axis of the thumb toward the wrist to show the 1st metacarpal free of the soft tissue
Thumb AP Projection
Perpendicular entering at the 1st CMC joint
Robert Method
Angled 15 degrees proximally along the long axis of the thumb and entering the 1st CMC joint
Long & Rafert Modification
Angled 10 to 15 degrees proximally along the long axis of the thumb and entering the 1st MCP joint
Lewis modification
This image shows a magnified concavoconvex outline of the 1st CMC joint
Burman Method
This projection demonstrates the MCP joints & metacarpal phalangeal angle bilaterally
Folio method
PA obliwue position could be obtained by rotating patient’s hand laterally (externally) from the pronated position until fingertips touch the IR
For metacarpals examinations
Superimposition of the phalanges is elimin. The digits are placed on a sponge wedge. The thumb is abducted & placed on sponge for support.
Fan lateral
It superimposes the metacarpals; phalanges are individually demonstrated except the most proximal portion of the proximal phalanges
Fan lateral
Used in early detection of the rheumatoid arthritis. Place radiolucent sponge (45 degree) against both hands
Norgaard method or Ball Catchers
Recommended projection as to demonstrate the fracture on the base of the 5th metacarpal
Stapczynski
Same position (Norgaard method) of the hands but the fingers are not extended (cupped) as if catching a ball
Modified position
A PA projection of the carpals, the distal radius and ulna the proximal metacarpal is shown
Wrist PA projection
The carpal interspaces are better demonstrated in the AP than the PA projection. Because of the interspaces oblique direction, they are more nearly parallel with the divergence of the x-ray beam.
Wrist AP projection
This position demonstrate the carpals on the lateral side of the wrist, particuluthr scaphoid, which is superimposed on itself in the direction of PA projection
Wrist Lateral Position
This position separates the pisiform from the adjacent carpal bones. It also gives a more distinct image of the triquetrum and hamate
Wrist AP Oblique position
Sometimes required CR angulations of 10-15 proximally or distally. This opens the spaces between the adjacent carpals on the lateral side of the wrist.
Flr ion Positions: Ulnar Flexion
This position opens the interspaces between the carpals on the medial side of the wrist.
Flexion position: Radial Flexion
The 20 degrees angulation of the wrist places the scaphoidbat the right angles to the central ray so that it is projected without self-imposition.
Stecher Method
This position demonstrates the trapezium and the articulations with the adjacent carpal bone
Clements Nakayama method
Directed the central ray 45 degrees distally so it enters the anatomic snuff-box of the wrist and passes through the trapezium
Clements Nakayama method
4 separate exposures are made at 0, 10, 20, 30 degrees cephalad
Scaphoid series (Rafert long method)
Digits that cannot be extended can be examined in small sections. When injury is suspected, an AP Projection is recommended instead of PA projection.
Hand Digits PA Projection