Han Dynasty Flashcards
Liu Bang
1st emperor of han. Helped workers escape from huang di’s tomb, was near death, rebelled.
Xiang yu
Worked with Liu to lead the uprising army against the king
Chang’an
Western han, capital, present day Xian
“People of the Han”
What chinese call themselves to differentiate between foreigners, steppe ppl, and mongols
Empress Lu
Wife of Liu Bang … ruled after he died, lenient towards the peasantry
Buddhism
From india to central asia to han china in 1st and 2nd cent.
Siddharta Gautama
Prince
Born in nepal 563
He saw old man, sick man, holy , an (sadhu)
49 days under a bodhi tree then became buddha
4 noble truths
Life is full of pain and suffering
Suffering comes from desire
To end suffering and sorrow must end desire
Desirelessness can be achieved by following the noble eightfold path
Noble eight fold path
Right views Intent Speech Actions Professions Effort Mindfulness Concentration
Nirvana
Release from suffering of world existence by avoiding the cycle of rebirth and achieve blissful re absorption into the spiritual infinite.
Mahayana
“the greater vehicle”
Another form of Buddhism_Buddha is a deity, there are spirits,nirvana heaven and there is hell
“Lesser Vehicle”
Theravada_ original uddhism
Bodhissattvas
pantheon of loving saints(essence of Buddha hood) ex priest?
3 Kingdoms
After the collapse of Han.. period of social upheaval and political unrest(may have helped spread of buddhism)shui, wei wu
six dynasties
South, named after ppl who set up capitals in Nanjing:eastern, jin, liu,qi,liang,chen (wasnt rlly unified)
Ten kingdoms (sui)
south china_ after collapse of tang_contending generals and warlords fought for supremacy during 50 year period
Sui dynasty
yang jian_ reuited couth and reunified(northern wei) china_ harsh leadership and military society caused it to collapse
Commanderies
han administration that tang changed_ division into Xian reestablished
Xian (County)
Capital of Shaanxi province
Hinayana
“smaller vehicle” more conservative
Chan buddhism(zen)
form of Buddhism that used daoism. translated in chang an the capital of tang
Tang dynasty
Leader: Tang Taizong
tang was ethnic tolerant,
Buddhism under tang
Spread into 8 sects, 4 became popular:Tiantai, Huayan,qinttu,chan
Song dynasty(failed to keep mongols from taking control)
Northern song , southern song, Taizu leader, “having big dynasty drained finances and caused problems
Taizu (was Zhao Kuangyin)
during the period of five dynasties he was a general and won, then he conquered the south
Han Gao Zu
emperor of han/ liu bang/ was also a military man coming to power
Xiao Tian Xia
conservative Confucian downsizing, focused on deveolping smaller empire
Kaifeng
Song capital, admin center,commercial center,close to grand canal, growth in iron and steel= growth in military/ strength
Imperial exam system and percent who passed (song)
eunch could have highpower, nor royals, < 10% passed, imperial censors to check on offcal
Wang Anshi
chief councilor, leader of a reformist faction, sought to reestablshsong finances by promoting changes in gov, STATE SHOULD PROVIDE socialism
Mongols and collapse of north song
jurchen and song were allies , then they treated them like inferiors, jurchen invades north china taking over the capitial
southern song
fixed their capitial at Hangzhou, jurchen conquered most of it, he was chased north and they regained hangzhou from jurchen
Hangzhou
International port city, popular diversion- tea houses, resturnats..,variety of employment,south is chinas center for commernce
Neo confucianism
the spread of buddhism revived the interest in zhou period of confucian classics(five relations)
Zhu xi
added 2 texts attributed to confucius: doctrine of the mean and Greater learning
Weakness of southern song
weak military
Mongol conquest of china
ruled through chinese officals, army in hand of mongols,
Khubilai khan(son of chinghis)
deveoped china, and aculturally became almost chinese,made beijing capital, founded mongol dynasty, yuan dnyasty
Chinghis khan
ruler of mongols, captured territory
Negative results of yuan rule
rule was harsh and discriminatory- chinese couldnt bare arms, ppl kept like slaves, down ward mobility most became por, taxes oppresive, unpaid labor for state projects,
Positive results of yuan rule
redeveloped postal service_reissued paper money
_rebuilt grand canal
Zhu Yuangzhang(Hong Wu)
(Grea military power) a rebel leader, set up new governemnt in Nanjing and went to capture beijing
Tributary states of China
System based on theory that China maintained political & cultural superiority & “lesser” states accepted their supremacy & accepted it as a model for their own lands.
kept states safe from China’s military strength.send missions to imperial capital – paid respect to the emperor/Son of Heaven
Zheng He
was muslim and eunch, lead the ming maritime expeditions, expeditions were expensive, corruption in ship building contracts occured
Ketou
Head banging( to show respect to emperor)
Economic growth under Ming
growth becuz of expeditions_Rare items unknown domestically in China brought back home
Currency system under Ming
Introduction of silver coins into China from trading overseas drove out paper money system.
Porcelain
commonly decorated in blue & white patterns – heavily exported to the west.
Eight-legged essay” (imperial exams)
examination form with eight categories,No more than 700 characters ,written in a prescribed style of
commentary about Confucian & neo-Confucian classics.,( historians think it further inhibited individual thought & innovation)
Jinshi
Third Level (Capital City) Examination. was a title if u passed,& opportunity to interview with the emperor as a final test. Worthy candidates were appointed an official post by the emperor
Forbidden City
lay within Imperial City _contained palace - surrounded by moat - length of 2 miles -closed to all but those on official business
Water Margins (novel)
tells a Robin Hood tale of bandits who steal for good of common people
Golden Lotus(novel)
a sometimes pornographic satire of the romantic and sexual escapades of a druggist
Ming response to pirates
(Japanese ans korean)demonstrated China’s inability to keep order and protect its people _
Nurhaci
mportant Manchu chieftain who rose to prominence in the late 16th _founded the administration that later ruled China as the Ch’ing dynasty
Sinicized
becoming chinese
Kangxi’s policies & achievements
supported the arts and education, public/private school system
Population growth under Qing
improvements in agricu;ture, irrigation, flood preventation, foreign trade, merchant guilds
Qianlong policies & achievements
destruction of 23,00 books, kept control of the mongols
Chinese gender relations
eldest son- look after family (protector)_young daughter(arranged marriage- only if she had son was accepted) # following- father husband and son..women loyal to this rule
Footbinding
beauty standard, tie feet
He Shen
Appointed grand counselor, he extorded 1.5 billion dollars
MacCartney
British nobleman sent to request wider tading right and to deal with china as a n equal nation./ Mission was a fail becuz both countries had im better than u view.he refused to headbang
Traingular trade
Golden triangle (opium trade) British india, turkey, iran
Co hong
guild of Chinese merchants or hongs who operated the import-export monopoly in Canton
Lin Zexu
imperial commissioner, sent to guangzhou to stop illegal traffic of opium
Traeaty of Nanjing
1842 grant what the british wanted, tto sell and trade freely
Unequal treaties
A long series, the british called, of treaties
Treaty of Bogue
he treaty is best known for its granting extraterritoriality and most favored nation status to Britain.The treaty laid down detailed regulations for Sino-British trade and specified terms under which Britons could reside in the newly opened ports of Shanghai, Ningbo, Xiamen, Fuzhou and Guangzhou. While Britons were allowed to buy property in the treaty ports and reside there with their families, they were not allowed to travel to the interior of China or trade there.
Taiping Rebellion
Hang Xiuquan(claimed he was the 2nd son of god ) army was called ever victuiors army, took over 9 provinces
Second Opium War
the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China,[1] was a war pitting the British Empire and the Second French Empire against the Qing Dynasty of China, lasting from 1856 to 1860. It was fought over similar issues as the First Opium War.
Yuanmingyuan
beijing old summer palace, during the reign of the Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty ,plundered by the Anglo-French Allied Forces in 1860, at the same time as the Garden was burnt down. a lot of locals took pieces .. r now trying to rebuild it
Boxer Rebellion(martial arts is what it really is)
was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian movement which took place in China towards the end of the Qing dynasty between 1898 and 1900
Empress Cixi
of the Manchu Yehenara clan, was a powerful and charismatic woman who unofficially but effectively controlled the Manchu Qing dynasty in China for 47 years,
Nanjing
south, capital city of ming
Beijing
north china, ming and qing dynasties, forbidden city,
