Economics Flashcards
What does the discipline of ecology study?
Environments and organisms; How humans make a living.(Tools, techniques to live and eat being in a range of climates)
What term refer to “Beneficial Adjustment?”
Adaptation(coping with and environment; pattern of behaviors)
Biological Adaptation
Accidental/Just happens;(HIV)
Cultural Adaptation
On Purpose (A building)
What is different about ecological studies of humans?
Cultural Evolution ?
What does Patterns of Subsistence mean?
The way a culture gets food for their people( Hunting-Gathering, horticulture, agriculture)
Food foraging
Rely on Plants, water, game and wild foodstuffs (ex. rabbits). They do not rely on animals
Food Producers
Rely on animals and move herbs over large areas of land.
Horticulture
Gardening / Hand tools/ Many crops
Pastoralism
Producers (Moe animals a great distance as supplies run out)
Agriculture
Large Tools/ Farms/ 1 or 2 main crops
What is Swidden?
Slash and Burn technique (hand tools cut vegetation; burn vegetation, ash is fertilizer) Use fields for short periods then use again after several years
When did cultures begin to switch to agriculture?
10,000 years ago (SW Asia) (Allowed surplus)
Market Exchange
(eBay) Transfer of goods or services based on a price set by supply and demand
Redistribution
(Taxes) (chief to village) Give stuff to a central authority then it is distributed by the central to others
Reciprocity
Small, face to face, person to person trade
Reciprocity: Generalized
No records (all personal matters) No immediate return
Reciprocity: Balanced
(Lending) repayment for gift same value or equal to it (Social distance; not as close)
Reciprocity: Negative
(Takers; don’t pay back) Getting something for nothing (Social distance; not close)
What does economy organize?
Production, Consumption, Distribution
Are peasants a part of the global capitalist system? Why?
Yes, (Production for exchange) They produce crops to be sold for cash rather than use for their own use
Production
(labor) the way the production of material goods are carried out ; tools knowledge, skills
Distribution
How the goods get to places or someone
Consumption
When goods or services produced are distributed to those who use them up, or consume them.
Socialism
Karl Marx; Collective ownership (1 place); Group(nothing their own);Central control gov (tax, hands on)
Capitalism
Adam Smith; Private ownership(property); Individual; Free market(competition); Laiissez Faire gov (hands off)
Whatis Tared’s main argument in Easters End?
Small example of what could happen to the world
What is the function of politics as a social institution ?
It helps to select a leader who can make decisions. Maintains social order and outsiders.
Distributes Power
Political Organizations: Bands (Headman)
(Food Forager) Small Groups , Socially Equal (Leads by example not power)
Political Organizations: Tribes (Bigman)
(Food Producers) 5,000 ppl, small villages, gives food back (leader gets power because he gives more)
Political Organizations: chiefdoms (Chief)
leader is within hierarchy; inherit
States / Nation
Country/Ethnicity
What is a Nation? How does it differ from state?
A group people with a common culture of some sort. A state is a country.
What types of leaders does Marvin identify in Life without Chiefs?
Band and Tribes
What does lee Cronk tell us about the Kula Ring in “Reciprocity and the Power of giving?”
The Cooler Ring was a ring of islands of New Ghana. shell necklaces and armbands were passed around the tribe. The importance over the necklace depends on who had it. only the Kula could wear it.
What is a Bureaucracy?
Organizational model designed to perform tasks effectively. Tasks for many different people
What were the 6 theritical components of bureaucracy?
Specilization, hierarchy, public office,rules of regulations,technical competence, impersonality
What did Antonio Gramsci call the indirect power that he identified
Hegemany “power becomes knowledge. Those who lack power take the ideas of the dominant group and make it their own without them knowing. (Ruling class world view=only view )
Specilization
Different parts, special job like in a factory
Hierarchy
Leaders/Boss
Oligarchy
The rule over many by few
Public office
Places for operation of buisness(classroom)
Rules of regulation
How to act
Technical competence
Training
Impersonality
Becoming someone else? What u know not what you dont know
Horizontal Mobility
Doing something within the class( moms a doc ur a doc)
Role strain
Multiple status; balamcing
Role conflict
Same people status changes~role changes
Difference between status and role?
Status is a position you occupy. Role is a behavior expected of a social status
Status:Ascribed
Born into it( birth , mother)
Status:Achieved
Assumed after or unless you meet criteria(college student)
Master status
Has the most influence over us ( can be negative ) Hiv
Social group: primary
Small , enduring, personal relationships( family)
Social group: secondary
Large, weak , emotional ties pursuing common goals ( students)
What do we call a system of social ranking?
Social stratification ( not easy to know when it starts or ends) leads to unequal wealth, power, privilege
Egalitarian
No social stratification
Class
System of stratfication that is ascribed but allows for social mobility-up , down, sideways
Meritocracy
Social status that is completely achieved (degree)
What are the 2 sides in the debate on the cause of poverty?
They cause their own problems. Capitalism (individuality)
What did karl say abouy the origin of class distinctions?
There is poverty becuase of competition. Capitalism brings poor people with it because of competition
