HAN 202 Test 1 Flashcards
Blood volume for male and females
- females- 4-5 liters (42% +- 5)
- males- 5-6 liters (47% +-5)
blood pH
- slightly basic
- 7.35-7.45
plasma
- plasma proteins accounts for 8% of plasma solutes
- albumin is most common- carriers
hemoglobin
- made up of the protein globin bound to the red heme pigment
- oxygen binding pigment
erythropoiesis
- myeloid stem cell -> proerythroblast -> reticulocyte -> mature erythrocyte
- require iron, vit b12, folic acid, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates for RBC formation
leukocytes
- less than 1% of total blood volume
- neutrophils are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation
- granulocytes- multilobed, large
- leukocytes leave capillaries through diapedesis and positive chemotaxis (towards released damaged cells)
T lymphocytes
- directly attack virus infected and tumor cells
- monocytes become macrophages and activate T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
-produce antibody cells
leukopoiesis
- regulated by the production of interleukins and colony stimulating factors (CSF)
- involves differentiation of hemocytoblasts along 2 pathways: lymphoid and myeloid stem cells
Clotting process (coagulation)
- clotting factors (procoagulants) promote clotting
- formation of prothrombin activator
- conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
- formation of fibrin mesh from fibrinogen in the plasma
intrinsic pathway
- all factors necessary are present within the blood
- slower clotting pathway
- may be triggered by negatively charged surfaces (activated platelets, collagen, glass)
extrinsic pathway
- triggered though endothelium derived protein factor -> tissue factor or factor 3
- occurs rapidly
clot retraction and repair
- contractile proteins (actin and myosin) within platelets contract and pull-on neighboring fibrin strands, squeezing plasma from the clot and pulling damaged tissue edges together
- 30-60 mins
- repair is stimulated by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) -> endothelial cells multiply
fibrinolysis
- removed unneeded clots through the action of the fibrin digesting enzyme PLASMIN
- plasminogen in the clot is converted to the plasmin by TPA, factor 12, and thrombin
plasma and blood volume expanders
- given in cases of extremely low blood volume
- mimic osmotic properties of albumin (pulls water in)
clot limiting (anticoagulants)
- INHIBIT THROMBIN
- heparin
- vitamin E
- nitric oxide
- prostacyclin
thrombus vs embolus
- thrombus- stationary- DVT
- embolus- traveling- PE
lymphatic collecting vessels
- thinner than veins
- more internal valves
- anastomose more frequently
- collecting vessels in the skin travel with superficial veins
- deep collecting vessels travel with arteries
reticular cells
- lymphoid cells
- produce lymphoid tissues stoma (mattress) that support other cells in lymphoid organs
two types of lymphoid tissue
- diffuse lymphatic tissue
- lymphatic follicles
- house and provide a proliferation site for lymphocytes
diffuse lymphatic tissue
- found in every organ of the body
- made of loose reticular CT
- larger collections appear in mucous membranes (digestive tract) and lymphoid organs -> where illness can be caused
lymphatic follicles (nodules)
- solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed reticular elements and cells
- germinal center composed of dendritic and B cells (enlarge when B cells are dividing and producing plasma cells)
- may form part of larger lymphoid organs
- not T cells
- ONLY B CELLS
primary lymph organs
- where B and T cells mature
- B cells - red bone marrow
- T cells- Thymus
structure of a lymph node
- bean shaped
- external fibrous capsule
- nodes are divided into compartments
- two histologically distinct regions
- cortex- germinal centers, follicles
- cortex contains follicles with germinal centers (heavy with dividing B cells)
- medulla- macrophages
- medullary sinuses contain macrophages!
- t cells circulate continuously among the blood, lymph nodes, and lymphatic stream
- surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule with an internal framework, or stroma, of reticular fibers that supports the lymphocyte
structure of the spleen
- white pulp near central arteries- house lymphocytes- immunity
- red pulp in sinuses which houses macrophages- blood filtering
- splenic artery and vein enter via hilum- indented part of spleen
- surrounded by a fibrous capsule and contains both lymphocytes found in white pulp and macrophages found in red pulp
an advantage to having reticular connective tissue present in lymph nodes is that _________
-the loose organization of reticular connective tissue provides niches for macrophages and lymphocytes***
tonsils
- simplest lymphoid organ
- form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx
- contain follicles with germinal centers
- are not fully encapsulated
- epithelial tissue overlying tonsil masses invaginates, forming tonsillar crypts
- crypts trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter that enter the pharynx in food and inhaled air
- palatine tonsils- at posterior end of the oral cavity
- lingual tonsils- grouped at the base of the tongue
- pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)- in posterior wall of the nasopharynx
- tubal tonsils- surrounding the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx
globulin
involved in the transport of lipids
-involved in immune response
T cells vs B cells
- T cells cannot see free antigens, can only recognize FRAGMENTS of antigens displayed on surface of cell ( b cell can recognize in bloodstream)
- T cells go through apoptosis between 7-30 days and the memory cells remain
Natural Killer Cells
- induce apoptosis before immune response is activated
- positive feedback
benefits of inflammation
- dilutes harmful substances
- brings in useful substances
- disposes of debris
- pain immobilizes
- prevent spread of damaging agents
complement activation
- enhances inflammation
- promotes phagocytosis (opsonization)
- causes cell lysis
- formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC)
- MAC causes cell lysis by inducing a massive influx of water by making a hole
- complement enhances the effectiveness of both the innate and adaptive defenses
- complement system is major mechanisms for destroying foreign substances
incomplete antigen- Hapten
- small molecules
- are not immunogenic
- combine with body’s own proteins and cause an attack that is harmful not protective (animal dander, detergents)
- dont react with our immune system -> combine with our own proteins
incomplete antigen- Hapten
- small molecules
- are not immunogenic
- combine with body’s own proteins and cause an attack that is harmful not protective (animal dander, detergents)
- dont react with our immune system -> combine with our own proteins
MHC protein
major histocompatibility complex
antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
- do not respond to specific antigens
- NON-[SPECIFIC
- play essential auxiliary roles in immunity
- dendritic cells- most important
- macrophages
- B lymphocytes
- engulf antigens
- present fragments of antigens to be recognized by T cells -> like signal flags on their surface
humoral immunity
- usually in spleen or lymph node
- if the lymphocyte is a B cell -> the antigen provokes a humoral immune response -> antibodies are produced
clonal selection
- B cell is activated when antigen bind to its surface receptor
- stimulated B cell grows to form a clone of identical cells bearing the same antigen-specific receptors
- activated B cells -> becomes a memory cell OR becomes a plasma cell (effector) cell -> becomes an antibody
primary vs secondary immune response
PRIMARY
-lag period- 3-6 days
-peak levels of plasma antibody are reached in 10 days
-antibody levels then decline
-occurs after a delay
SECONDARY
-respond within hours
-antibodies peak in 2-3 days at much higher levels
-antibodies bind with greater affinity
-remain high for weeks to months
-more efficient, powerful, longer response
IgM
- a pentamer (large)
- first antibody released
- potent agglutinating agent in blood plasma
- readily fixes and activates complement
IgG
- from a secondary and late primary responses
- crosses the placental barrier
- most abundant
antibody targets
- antibodies inactivate and tag antigens (antibodies cannot destroy antigens)
- form antigen-antibody (immune) complexes
- defensive mechanisms used by antibodies
- neutralization- blocks antigens and prevents binding to cells
- agglutination- antibody-antigen clumping that makes it easy for phagocytosis
- precipitation- small particles fall out and are subject to phagocytosis
- lysis- complement fixation
- PLAN
Types of T Cells
- helper T cells- activate T and B cells and macrophages -> proliferation (NECESSARY)
- cytotoxic T cells- kill with perforin and granzymes
- regulatory T cells- suppress the immune system to prevent autoimmune diseases
- memory T cells
SCID- severe combine immunodeficiency syndrome
- immunodeficiency
- deficit of B and T cells
hodgkins disease
- acquired immunodeficiency
- cancer of the b cells
- leads to immunodeficiency by depressing lymph code cells
hypersensitivity
- antibodies cause immediate and subacute hypersensitivities
- T cells cause delayed hypersensitivity
- immediate- local or systemic (IgE) - allergies, begins in seconds after contact
- subacute- slow onset (IgM, IgG)- mismatched blood
- delayed- onset 1-3 days- cytotoxic T cells -> ex. poison ivy
