HAN 202 Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Blood volume for male and females
A
- females- 4-5 liters (42% +- 5)
- males- 5-6 liters (47% +-5)
2
Q
blood pH
A
- slightly basic
- 7.35-7.45
3
Q
plasma
A
- plasma proteins accounts for 8% of plasma solutes
- albumin is most common- carriers
4
Q
hemoglobin
A
- made up of the protein globin bound to the red heme pigment
- oxygen binding pigment
5
Q
erythropoiesis
A
- myeloid stem cell -> proerythroblast -> reticulocyte -> mature erythrocyte
- require iron, vit b12, folic acid, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates for RBC formation
6
Q
leukocytes
A
- less than 1% of total blood volume
- neutrophils are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation
- granulocytes- multilobed, large
- leukocytes leave capillaries through diapedesis and positive chemotaxis (towards released damaged cells)
7
Q
T lymphocytes
A
- directly attack virus infected and tumor cells
- monocytes become macrophages and activate T lymphocytes
8
Q
B lymphocytes
A
-produce antibody cells
9
Q
leukopoiesis
A
- regulated by the production of interleukins and colony stimulating factors (CSF)
- involves differentiation of hemocytoblasts along 2 pathways: lymphoid and myeloid stem cells
10
Q
Clotting process (coagulation)
A
- clotting factors (procoagulants) promote clotting
- formation of prothrombin activator
- conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
- formation of fibrin mesh from fibrinogen in the plasma
11
Q
intrinsic pathway
A
- all factors necessary are present within the blood
- slower clotting pathway
- may be triggered by negatively charged surfaces (activated platelets, collagen, glass)
12
Q
extrinsic pathway
A
- triggered though endothelium derived protein factor -> tissue factor or factor 3
- occurs rapidly
13
Q
clot retraction and repair
A
- contractile proteins (actin and myosin) within platelets contract and pull-on neighboring fibrin strands, squeezing plasma from the clot and pulling damaged tissue edges together
- 30-60 mins
- repair is stimulated by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) -> endothelial cells multiply
14
Q
fibrinolysis
A
- removed unneeded clots through the action of the fibrin digesting enzyme PLASMIN
- plasminogen in the clot is converted to the plasmin by TPA, factor 12, and thrombin
15
Q
plasma and blood volume expanders
A
- given in cases of extremely low blood volume
- mimic osmotic properties of albumin (pulls water in)
16
Q
clot limiting (anticoagulants)
A
- INHIBIT THROMBIN
- heparin
- vitamin E
- nitric oxide
- prostacyclin
17
Q
thrombus vs embolus
A
- thrombus- stationary- DVT
- embolus- traveling- PE
18
Q
lymphatic collecting vessels
A
- thinner than veins
- more internal valves
- anastomose more frequently
- collecting vessels in the skin travel with superficial veins
- deep collecting vessels travel with arteries