Halosere

Question 1

Mudflats

Answer 1

Depositional landforms from clay flocculation due to river meeting sea and slowing velocity at estuary edges/landward spit side in intertidal areas (exposed at low)

Question 2

Halosere

Answer 2

Vegetation succession in a salty environment as mudflat converts to saltmarsh

Question 3

Pioneer stage

Answer 3

Salt and inundation tolerant halophytes slow currents and tide brings in seeds

Question 4

Building stage

Answer 4

Decaying plants build soil so more exposed between tides. Develop complex creek systems to channel tide, may form salt pores where trapped seawater evaporates

Question 5

Climax stage

Answer 5

Succession complete above sea level

Question 6

Saltmarsh

Answer 6

Intertidal fine sediment areas colonised by halophytes and other vascular plants

Question 7

Saltmarsh importance

Answer 7

Nutrient cycling roles, captures pollutants, provides OM, sediment store

Question 8

Saltmarsh plants

Answer 8

Succulent leaves, thick epidermis, hairy, salt storage cells, floating seeds and roots, air storage cells in roots

Question 9

Factors affecting succession

Answer 9

Elevation, drainage, grazing management, intervention, flora, fauna

Question 10

Saltmarsh conditions

Answer 10

Suitable velocities, sediment drainage, enough sediment

Question 11

Saltmarsh management

Answer 11

Mostly no active, manage grazing success, limit damaging activities

Question 12

Saltmarsh risks

Answer 12

Drainage, grazing, coastal defences, turf cutting, harvesting, pollution, ports, invasive species

Question 13

Saltmarsh example

Answer 13

Essex protected by a bay and offshore bank