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Chemistry Content > Haloalkanes > Flashcards

Haloalkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is heterolytic fission

A
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2
Q

What is homolytic fission

A
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3
Q

What is a reaction mechanism

A

Is a series of steps that show what happens in a chemical reaction.
Shows the movement of a pair of electrons

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4
Q

The different types of mechanisms

A

Free Radical Substitution
Nucleophilic Substitution
Electrophilic Addition
Elimination

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5
Q

What is a free radical

A

A species with an unpaired electrons

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6
Q

What is substitution

A

A reaction where an atom/group replaces another atom/group

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7
Q

Steps to free rad sub

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Propagation
  3. Termination
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8
Q

How does an initiation reaction start?

A

When UV light breaks down Cl2 to form chlorine free radicals

The C-H requires more energy to break than the Cl-Cl

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9
Q

Equation for initiation

A
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10
Q

Explain the propagation step

A
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11
Q

Explain termination step

A
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12
Q

What is a nucleophile

A

Lone pair electron donors

This is because the halogen atom is more electronegative than carbon atoms and so the C of the C-H bone is delta positive

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13
Q

How is the rate of reaction affected by the strength of the halogen bond?

A
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14
Q

What are the different reagents in nucleophilic substitution

A

NaOH
KCN
NH3

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15
Q

Conditions for NaOH

A

Aqueous, warm

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16
Q

Mechanism for NaOH

A
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17
Q

What is the condition for KCN

A

Ethanolic, warm

18
Q

Mechanism for KCN

A
19
Q

Conditions for NH3

A

Excess concentrated ammonia dissolved in ethanol pressure in a sealed container

20
Q

Mechanism for NH3

A
21
Q

Reagent used in elimination reaction

A

KOH

22
Q

What does the OH act as in elimination.

A

Base

23
Q

What does OH act as in a substitution reaction

A

Nucleophile

24
Q

Conditions for KOH or NaOH in elimination

A

Ethanolic, hot

25
Q

Mechanism for elimination reaction

A
26
Q

Ozone formation

A
27
Q

What is the ozone

A

A layer that protects the earths surface from the harmful effects of UV radiation

28
Q

Ozone depletion

A
29
Q

UV and CFCs

A
30
Q

Ozone and chlorine

A
31
Q

What is electronegativity

A

The power of an atom to attract the two electrons in a covalent bond

32
Q

What is an electrophile

A

Lone pair electron acceptors

This is because the C=C double bond is very electron rich die to the electron cloud of the pi bond

33
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

The C=C double bond opens up and an atom or group of atoms joins onto each C of the C=C double bond

During the mechanism, a carbocation is formed. Where more than one carbocation can be formed, the main product will be formed from the more stable carbocation.

34
Q

The different reagents with electrophilic addition

A

Br2
HBr
H2SO4
H2O

35
Q

Conditions for Br2

A

Aqueous

36
Q

Reaction mechanism for Br2

A
37
Q

Conditions for HBr

A

no conditions

38
Q

Reaction mechanism for HBr in electrophilic addition

A
39
Q

Conditions for H2SO4 in electrophilic addition

A

Cold, concentrated H2SO4

40
Q

Reaction mechanism for electrophilic addition H2SO4

A
41
Q

Conditions for H2O in electrophilic addition

A

Acidic conditions

42
Q

Reaction mechanism with H2O in electrophilic Addition

A

Chemistry Content (31 decks)

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