hallucinogens - serotonin enhancers Flashcards
1
Q
serotonin
A
neurotransmitter in the cns
2
Q
where does serotonin occur most commonly in the brain?
A
upper brain stem
3
Q
3 important roles of serotonin
A
- regulation of body temperature
- sleep
- sensory perception
4
Q
general effect of serotonin enhancing drugs
A
stimulate serotonin receptors of the cns
5
Q
what type of plant is iboga?
A
woody
6
Q
what plant family does iboga belong to?
A
dogbane
7
Q
where is iboga native to?
A
topical west africa
8
Q
where is iboga cultivated?
A
west/central africa
9
Q
what plant part of iboga is used?
A
root
10
Q
historical use of iboga
A
element of life that enhances psychic powers, inspiration, and contemplation
11
Q
which ritual is iboga root incorporated into?
A
oghanje/object ritual
12
Q
oghanje/object ritual
A
young women and children under the influence of iboga reveal secrets of their former lives
13
Q
what movement is iboga an important part of?
A
bwiti movement of gabon and congo
14
Q
bwiti movement
A
religious revitalization movement that stresses social cohesion and solidarity
15
Q
2 uses of iboga root in the bwiti movement
A
- visual hallucinations of divine bwiti
- communication with spirit world
16
Q
what type of active principle is in iboga?
A
indole alkaloid
17
Q
what is the active principle of iboga?
A
ibogaine
18
Q
4 effects of ibogaine
A
- visual/auditory hallucinations
- interference of motor skills
- dissociative properties
- floating/flying sensations
19
Q
2 types of therapy that ibogaine is currently being investigated for
A
- opiate addiction
- alcohol, amphetamine, nicotine dependence
20
Q
why is ibogaine currently being investigated to use in opiate addiction therapy?
A
calms opiate receptors → reduces symptoms of heroin withdrawal
21
Q
where were magic mushrooms traditionally used?
A
central america
22
Q
3 common genera of magic mushrooms
A
- psilocybe
- conocybe
- paneolus
23
Q
2 historical cultural groups that used mushrooms as enthogens
A
- aztecs
- mayans
24
Q
what did the aztecs call entheogenic mushrooms?
A
teonanacatl/divine flesh
25
2 historical uses of magic mushrooms
1. communicate with spirit world
2. shamanistic diagnosis of illnesses
26
what stopped the entheogenic use of mushrooms?
spanish conquests
27
who discouraged the use of spanish mushrooms?
roman catholic clergy
28
why did the spanish inquisitions denounce divine mushrooms?
they were devices of the devil because they induced an ecstatic state
29
teonanacatl was thought to refer to ______ ______
peyote cactus
30
r. gordon wasson
interested in the shamanistic use of mushrooms and participated/witnessed the sacred mushroom ceremony
31
who allowed r. gordon wasson to participate in the sacred mushroom ceremony?
maria sabina
32
what traditional mushroom ceremony was compromised by recreational searches?
oaxaca
33
2 active principles of magic mushrooms
1. psilocybin
2. psilocin
34
psilocybin and psilocin are serotonin ______
mimics
35
6 effects of psilocybin and psilocin
1. muscle relaxation
2. pupil dilation
3. visual/auditory hallucinations
4. lassitude
5. mental/physical exhaustion
6. isolation from surroundings
36
who first synthesized psilocybin?
Albert Hoffmann
37
what was psilocybin initially being investigated to treat (4 things)?
1. clinical depression
2. anxiety
3. drug addiction
4. alcoholism
38
who initiated the harvard psilocybin project?
timothy leary
39
2 men involved in the harvard psilocybin project that turned into drug-taking sessions
1. timothy leary
2. richard alpert
40
2 drugs classified as schedule I after the harvard psilcybin project
1. psilocybin
2. LSD
41
what is psilcybin currently being investigated to treat?
- ocd
- severe clinical depression
- pre-mortality anxiety
- drug addiction
- alcoholism
42
what part of the brain does psilocybin affect?
default mode network (DMN)
43
default mode network (DMN)
brain regions that "switch on" when one recalls past events, anticipates the future, or thinks about themself
44
how is the DMN affected in clinically depressed patients?
overactive
45
2 ways psilocybin may be able to treat clinical depression
1. switch off DMN pathways
2. increasing intercommunication among other brain regions
46
______ was granted breakthrough status
psilocybin
47
what was psilocybin granted breakthrough status for?
treatment-resistant depression
48
where are virola trees native to?
south america
49
what part of virola trees are used to prepare the snuff?
inner bark
50
where was virola historically used?
amazonia
51
what was believed to live within virola trees?
spirit
52
who was allowed to use virola snuff historically (2)?
1. men
2. shamans
53
3 historical uses for virola snuffs
1. diagnose illnesses
2. prophecy/divination
3. magical purposes
54
2 methods used to prepare virola snuff
1. bark stripping method
2. bark resin method
55
how is virola snuff prepared using the bark stripping method?
- outer bark stripped away for inner bark to be taken
- inner bark is thickened by boiling
- concentrate is dried and ground into fine powder
56
how is virola snuff prepared using the bark resin method?
- bark stripped from tree
- resin exuded from the bark is scraped away
- resin mixed with water, strained, and boiled into thick syrup to be dried and powdered
57
3 most comon additives to virola snuff
1. ashed bark from cocoa related species
2. leguminous tree
3. aromatic leaves
58
how was virola snuff used?
powder snuffed thru reeds/bird0bone tubes
59
what type of active principles are present in virola (2 kinds)?
1. tryptamine alkaloids
2. β-carboline alkaloids
60
what are the active principles of virola?
1. dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
2. harmine
61
what is the tryptamine alkaloid present in virola?
dimethyltryptamine
62
what is the β-carboline alkaloid present in virola?
harmine
63
how do dimethyltryptamine and harmine differ?
dimethyltryptamine is a serotonin enhacner, but harmine inhibits monoamine oxidase
64
how is the hallucinogenic effect of virola snuffs achieved?
DMT-MAO inhibitor combination
65
why does the DMT-MAO inhibitor combination prolong the hallucinogenic effect of virola snuffs?
MAO deactivates DMT, but harmine inhibits MAO activity
66
what is the initial symptom of virola snuffs?
excitability
67
6 effects of virola snuffs
1. nausea
2. limb numbness
3. facial muscle twitches
4. lack of muscle coordination
5. visual hallucinations of large, distorted imagery
6. deep sleep with visual imagery
68
where is yopo native to?
colombia, venezuela
69
what type of tree is yopo?
leguminous
70
where is the active compound found in yopo?
seeds
71
historical use of yopo?
entheogenic snuff
72
who was the first european to witness preparation/use of yopo?
baron von humbolt
73
how is yopo powder similar to virola?
both snuffed thru hollow reeds or bird-bone tubes
74
who collected material for yopo stuff and now stores his collection in the british museum?
richard spruce
75
3 active compounds in yopo
1. dmt
2. harmine
4. bufotenine
76
what active compound does yopo contain that virola does not?
bufotenine
77
bufotenine is also known as ______
dimethylserotonin
78
where was bufotenine first isolated from?
skin glands of toads
79
where is cebil native to?
chile, peru, argentina (andean region)
80
what type of tree is cebil?
leguminous
81
2 historical uses of cebil
1. snuff
2. ritual/shamanistic smoking
82
what plant part of cebil was used?
seeds
83
what type of active principle is in cebil?
tryptamine alkaloid
84
what is the active principle of cebil?
bufotenine
85
main effect of bufotenine in cebil?
strong hallucinations
86
how does the effect of cebil differ from virola and yopo?
black and white hallucinations of abstract, worm-like flowing imagery
87
what type of plant species are ayahuasca?
vine
88
where is ayahausca native to?
amazon rainforest
89
what is ayahuasca translated to?
vine of the soul
90
what is ayahausca (vine of the soul) referring to?
plant and the hallucinogenic beverage
91
what part of ayahausca is used?
bark
92
what did amazonians believe ayahausca would do when drunk?
free the soul from physical confinement to allow it to wander and return freely
93
______ powers are attributed to ayahuasca
telepathic
94
what was the active principle of ayahausca originally named?
telepathine
95
how is ayahuasca traditionally ingested?
in large groups
96
describe the hallucinations caused by ayahuasca
- bright colours
- distorted shapes and objects
- wondrous realms
- telepathic experience
97
what happens in the first stage of ayahausca experience?
spiralling
98
what happens in the second stage of ayahuasca experience (3 things)?
1. accentuation of hearing
2. reduced motor coordination
3. strong visual distortions
99
what happens in the third stage of ayahuasca experience?
flying sensation
100
what 3 parts of ayahuasca are used to make the hallucinogenic beverage?
1. stems
2. inner bark
3. leaves
101
3 reasons why other plant species might be added to ayahuasca beverage
1. medicinal benefit
2. improve smell and taste
3. increase hallucinogenic effect
102
what type of active principles are in ayahuasca?
β-carboline alkaloids
103
2 active principles of ayahuasca
1. harmine
2. hamaline
104
effect of harmine and hamaline (ayahuasca)
inhibit MAO enzyme
105
function of MAO enzyme
breaks down serotonin
106
what is the difference between ayahuasca vine and chacruna?
ayahuasca vine does NOT contain DMT, but chacruna does
107
what is the main cause for hallucinations of ayahuasca beverages?
DMT-MAO inhibitor combination of the vine and chacruna
108
example of a type of ayahuasca analogue that has been developed
syrian rue + legume mimosa
109
what type of plant are morning glories?
herbaceous annuals
110
what plant family do morning glories belong to?
morning glory
111
where are morning glories native to?
central and south america
112
where are morning glories grown?
european and north american gardens
113
3 groups that historically used morning glories as hallucinogens
1. aztec
2. mayan
3. civilizations of central america
114
what type of seeds do ololiuqui morning glories produce?
round seeds
115
what type of seeds do tlitliltzin morning glories produce?
angular seeds
116
what plant part of morning glories is used?
seeds
117
what were morning glories traditionally used for?
divination ceremonies
118
who discouraged the hallucinogenic use of morning glories?
spaniards
119
who collected morning glories from mexico to prepare?
richard schultes
120
what happens during the initial hallucinogenic experience of morning glories?
giddness and laughter
121
what happens during the later period of hallucinogenic experiences with morning glories?
- lassitude
- euphoria
- deep sleep
122
what is a characteristic feature of morning glory hallucinogen?
complete loss of awareness
123
who did richard schultes enlist to help determine the active compound in morning glories?
albert hofmann
124
what did albert hofmann discover about the active property of morning glories?
same group of psychoactive secondary products in fungal ergot that he was studying at the time
125
what type of active compound do morning glories contain?
lysergic acid alkaloids
126
2 active compounds in morning glory
1. lysergic acid amide (ergine)
2. isoergine
127
how does morning glory get its active compounds if it can't synthesize them?
epibiontic fungi colonize the secretory glands on the morning glory leaves and synthesize the alkaloids for them
128
ergot
fungal pathogen of cereal crops and forage grasses that attacks maturing cereal grains
129
what does fungal ergot produce?
schlerotia
130
what type of active compound does ergot contain?
alkaloids
131
3 ergot alkaloids
1. ergine
2. ergonovine
3. ergotamine
132
physiological effects of ergot alkaloids
- artery constriction
- smooth muscle contraction
- visual-auditory hallucinations
- delirium
- confusion
133
st. anthony's fire/ergotism
accidental ingestion of ergot-contaminated rye causing episodes of chronic poisoning
134
how was ergonovine historically used (2 things)?
1. induce labour
2. control uterine hemorrhaging
135
______ is a semi-synthetic derivative of ergonovine
methylergovine
136
what is methylergovine used for today?
given to women in childbirth to induce labour and control uterine hemorrhaging
137
2 historical uses of ergotamine
1. migraines
2. headache pain
138
______ is a semi-synthetic derivative of ergotamine
dihydroergotamine
139
what is dihydroergotamine used for today?
anti-migraine agent
140
who investigated the pharmacology of ergot alkaloids?
albert hoffman
141
5 semi-synthetic ergot alkaloids
1. methylsergide
2. lisuride
3. bromocriptine
4. cabergoline
5. ergotoxine
142
methylsergide
treats episodic and chronic migraine and cluster headaches
143
lisuride
treats parkinson's diseases
144
bromocriptine, cabergoline
- parkinson's disease
- pituitary gland diseases
- tumours
- type II diabetes
145
ergotoxine
age-related cognitive impairment
146
who first semi-synthesized LSD?
albert hofmann
147
what does LSD stand for?
(+)-lysergic acid diethylamide
148
describe the 4 stereoisomers of LSD
3 are psychoactively inert, but the fourth is a potent hallucinogen
149
how did hofmann discover the hallucinogenic effects of LSD?
contaminated himself while re-synthesizing the compound
150
what did hofmann advocate the use of LSD for?
psychoanalysis and psychotherapy
151
what mental disorder was LSD researched to treat?
schizophrenia
152
what trade name was LSD under to treat schizophrenia?
delysid
153
what marked the end of serious research into LSD-mediated therapy?
sensationalized reported
154
who was a key person in converting LSD from a therapeutic to recreational drug?
briton michael hollingshead
155
what did hollingshead do with LSD he ordered?
mixed it with cake icing in a mayonnaise jar and took it regularly
156
who did hollingshead introduce to LSD?
timothy leary
157
what did timothy leary do with LSD?
self-experimented with it that soon turned into drug-taking sessions
158
who was the first and only faculty member to be fired from harvard?
richard alpert
159
counter-culture movement
entire generation due to lary's promotion of LSD
