depressants - alcohol Flashcards
1
Q
______ are unicellular fungi that reproduce clonally by budding
A
yeasts
2
Q
process of fermentation
A
brewer’s yeast converts sugars to carbon dioxide and alcohol
3
Q
2 things that fermentation is used for commercially
A
- baking
- alcohol production
4
Q
what kinds of yeasts strains are preferred in baking?
A
rapidly dividing strains → carbonate bread dough quickly
5
Q
3 ways brewing yeast strains are different than baking strains
A
- grow slower
- tolerate higher amounts of alcohol
- produce less secondary waste products
6
Q
______ yeast is used to produce lager beer
A
lager
7
Q
lager yeast
A
slow growing strain adapted to lower temperature
8
Q
yeast fermentation involves the anaerobic breakdown of sugars to ______ and carbon dioxide
A
ethanol
9
Q
2 possible sugar sources in alcoholic beverage production
A
- high sucrose fruits
- malted grains
10
Q
3 major groups of alcoholic beverages
A
- beer
- wine, cider
- mead
11
Q
where is beer fermented from?
A
cereal grains → barley, rice
12
Q
where is wine/cider fermented from?
A
fruit juices → grape, apple
13
Q
where is mead fermented from?
A
honey
14
Q
how was alcoholic fermentation discovered
A
accidentally after an unattended jar of fruit juice underwent natural/spontaneous fermentation
15
Q
what were early wines fermented from?
A
wild grapes low in alcohol and high in vinegar
16
Q
3 places of early wine production
A
- persia
- southern caucasus (iran, armenia, georgia)
- eastern europe (balkans)
17
Q
where were recipes for beer found?
A
ancient babylonian tablets
18
Q
2 places where beer was historically brewed
A
- neolithic europe
- ancient egypt
19
Q
3 ways wine and beer were used by ancient egyptians
A
- nutritious beverages and medicines
- ritualistic ceremonies
- funeral rites
20
Q
what did china make fermented beverages out of?
A
- rice
- honey
- fruit
21
Q
2 alcoholic beverages made in east asia
A
- rice wine
- sake
22
Q
how was rice wine made in asia?
A
rice was chewed before fermentation for saliva to produce the enzymes to convert starch to sugar
23
Q
how were fermented beverages used in the americas?
A
- religious
- ritualistic
24
Q
what alcoholic beverage was made by the inca?
A
chicha de jora
25
chicha de jora
corn-based ceremonial alcoholic beverage made in large pottery vats
26
what alcoholic beverage was made by the mayans?
sacred, mildly alcoholic beverage from honey and bark of the balché tree
27
______ was banned from the mayans by the spaniards due to religious significance
balché
28
what alcoholic beverage is produced in central america?
pulque
29
where is pulque fermented from?
agave stems
30
how did the babylonians use alcoholic beverages?
worshipped a wine goddess/wine deities
31
how did indian ayurvedic texts make use of alcoholic beverages?
describe medical benefits of sura and warn of possible poisonous effects if drank in excess
32
sura
fermented beverage of rice, wheat, sugar cane, and grapes drank in ayurvedic medicine
33
4 medicinal uses of alcohol as described by egyptian papyri
1. tranquilizer
2. analgesic
3. soporific
4. delivering other medicines via dissolving
34
how did hippocrates describe wine?
it had therapeutic benefits to treat ailments/diseases
35
how did the romans use wine?
combined with healing herbs for medicinal purposes
36
alcohol was recommended to remove irritant oils such as ______ ______
poison ivy
37
how was alcohol recommended to relieve sore muscles?
rubbing alcohol to cool the skin
38
how was alcohol recommended as an anaesthetic?
heavy drinking before surgery or amputation4.
39
4 additional historical non-culture-specific uses of alcohol
1. remove irritant oils
2. relieve sore muscles
3. disinfectant
4. anaesthetic
40
4 historical cultures that recognized the harmful effects of alcohol
1. hebrew
2. ayurvedic
3. greek
4. rome
41
cultures that abstain from drinking alcohol?
1. islamic/muslim
2. buddhists
3. hindus
4. sikhs
42
why do some cultures abstain from drinking alcohol?
alcohol is considered an abomination that discourages prayer and turns worshippers from god
43
how did early christianity view alcohol?
gift from god to be used for beneficial medicinal and tranquilizing effects, but overuse was a sin
44
what was the main alcoholic beverage produced in greece?
wine
45
3 ways wine was used in ancient greece
1. religious rituals for dionysus
2. medical purposes
3. part of a daily meal
46
most of the areas producing wine in europe were established by the ancient ______ and ______
greeks, romans
47
advantage of vineyard expansion in ancient rome
reduced the cost of wine and introduced it as an important part of the roman diet
48
3 ways the roman empire improved wine production
1. new grape varieties
2. methods of grape cultivation were improved
3. modern methods of making and storage were created
49
when the roman empire fell, who took over the wine-making tradition?
catholic church
50
______ ______ operated the largest/best european vineyards
catholic church
51
what was the main alcoholic beverage for peasants in the middle ages?
beer (or mead/homemade cider)
52
what was the main alcoholic beverage for the wealthy and clergy in the middle ages?
wine
53
______ was a central sacrament of catholic mass in the middle ages
wine
54
what was beer known as in the middle ages?
aqua vitae = water of life
55
why was beer known as aqua vitae in the middle ages?
it provided important calories, vitamins, and minerals
56
why was beer considered better than water in the middle ages?
- it was potable because it involved the boiling of water
- sanitary
57
how did germany change beer making?
added hops (fruit) to preserve and flavour
58
2 types of beer
1. ales
2. lagers
59
how are ales beers made?
fermented quickly using top-fermenting brewer's yeast
60
what does ales beer taste like?
sweet, fruity
61
where were lager beers first developed?
germany
62
how are lager beers made?
fermented slowly at low temperatures using bottom-ferment yeasts
63
in medieval europe, ______ ______ was the beverage of choice
small beer
64
small beer
highly nutritious beer with just enough alcohol to act as a preservative and antiseptic
65
when did beer consumption decline in europe?
after the introduction of non-alcoholic caffeinated beverages like tea, coffee, and cocoa
66
how are higher alcohol concentrations achieved in beverages?
distillation
67
process of distillation
boiling a fermented beverage and condensing the vapour
68
how does distillation produce higher alcohol concentrations?
alcohol boils at a lower temperature than water, so the condensed vapour contains more volatile alcohol than water
69
who developed the distillation process for alcohol?
arab alchemists
70
how was distillation of fermented beverages introduced to europe?
salerno medical school
71
what book was published about distillation?
liber de arte distillandi
72
arab and european alchemists distilled wine into ______
brandy
73
arab and european alchemists distilled beer into ______
whiskey
74
why did arab/european alchemists add sweeteners and healing herbs to distillations?
increased therapeutic effect
75
how did arab/european alchemists use alcohol medicinally?
alcohol was the tranquilizer, herbs had medicinal benefits
76
where were alcohol-based herbal preparations first developed?
by european monks in the middle ages and renaissance
77
______ alcoholic beverages were mainly used medicinally
distilled
78
how was gin historically used?
distilled grain alcohol with medicinal juniper berries added
79
what act was passed in england that increased the non-medical use of distilled beverages?
act of the encouraging of the distillation of brandy and spirits from corn
80
2 reasons the "act of the encouraging of the distillation of brandy and spirits from corn" was implemented
1. encourage use of surplus grain
2. source of government revenue by taxing distilled beverages
81
2 things that drove the english gin craze
1. cheap/abundant supply
2. social pressures of urbanization and acceptance of public drunkenness
82
5 reasons the english gin craze ended
1. higher grain prices
2. increased tax
3. temporary distilling ban
4. cheaper good-quality beer
5. increased consumption of tea/coffee
83
how did the attitude towards alcohol change in eastern europe?
excessive consumption was thought to contribute to high rates of urban crime, poverty, and infant mortality
84
2 reasons the attitude towards alcohol changed in eastern europe
1. industrialization
2. need for reliable work force
85
temperance movements
advocated reduced use or full prohibition of alcoholic beverages
86
2 reasons that further discouraged regular alcohol consumption
1. sanitation improvements
2. alcohol dependence is an illness
87
3 countries where alcohol prohibition laws were enacted
1. finland
2. norway
3. united states
88
prohibition amendment in the american constitution
prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages
89
how was the american alcohol market supplied during prohibition?
alcohol manufacturing and smuggling operations from canada and mexico
90
______ is the principal psychoactive part of all alcohol beverages
ethanol
91
mode of action of ethanol
stimulate GABA receptors
92
what type of neurotransmitter is GABA?
major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the cns
93
why is ethanol classed as a depressant?
increases the inhibitory effect of GABA
94
3 other neurotransmitter receptors (not GABA) that ethanol binds to
1. acetylcholine
2. serotonin
3. NMDA glutamate
95
what effect does ethanol have on dopamine?
increases dopamine levels by inhibiting an enzyme that breaks it down
96
what enzyme in the body counteracts the highly toxic effect of ethanol?
alcohol dehydrogenase (adh)
97
how does adh counter the effect of ethanol in the body?
catalyzes the oxidation of ethanol into acetylaldehyde, which allows moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages
98
2 places where adh is present in the body
1. stomach lining
2. liver
99
what enzyme in the body combats the toxic effect of acetylaldehyde?
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh2)
100
2 enzymes involved in the breakdown of alcohol in the body
1. alcohol dehydrogenase (adh)
2. acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh2)
101
2 reasons why adh and aldh2 evolved
1. break down alcohols produced by stomach bacteria
2. break down alcohol naturally present in food
102
where does elimination of alcohol occur in the body?
liver
103
______ is the rate-limiting step in detoxifying alcohol
elimination of alcohol
104
3 factors that cause the rate of ethanol metabolism to vary
1. sex
2. age
3. ethnic background
105
what ethnic background contains mutations in adh and aldh2?
east asian → chinese, japanese, korean, vietnamese
106
what mutation do east asians have in adh?
adh1b*2 = more efficient than adh
107
what mutation do east asians have in aldh2?
aldhd2*2 = less efficiency than aldh2
108
what initial effect does ethanol have?
stimulatory
109
3 stimulatory initial effects of ethanol
1. euphoria
2. talkativeness
3. relaxation
110
______ depression occurs at higher blood alcohol levels
cns
111
symptoms of cns depression at high alcohol levels
- nausea
- motor function impairment
- loss of self-control
- vomiting
112
what causes a hangover?
allergic response to ethanol, other toxic substances, and dehydration
113
3 consequences in order of increasing blood alcohol levels
1. reduced blood flow to brain
2. severe stupefaction/unconsciousness
3. death
114
what parts of the body does prolonged alcohol consumption damage?
- brain
- internal organs
115
how does alcohol affect immune response?
lowers production of white blood cells
116
how does alcohol damage the liver?
liver cirrhosis → loss of healthy liver cells
117
2 effects of liver cirrhosis caused by alcohol consumption
1. weakness
2. chronic indigestion
118
3 effects of heavy drinking on the body
1. heart muscle damage
2. brain deterioration
3. fetal alcohol syndrome
119
symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
- anxiety
- autonomic dysfunction
- seizures
- hallucination
120
types of autonomic dysfunction caused by alcohol withdrawal
- heart palpitations
- fever
- hypertension
- incontinence
121
symptoms of delirium tremens
- autonomic dysfunctions
- confusion
- disorientation
- agitation
- insomnia
- uncontrollable shaking
- delirium
- seizures
- shivering
- sweating
- convulsions
- death
122
fourth day symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
- anxiety
- sense of impending doom
- visual hallucinations
- crawling sensation on skin
