depressants - opiates Flashcards
what type of plant is the opium poppy?
annual
what family does the opium poppy belong to?
poppy family
where is the opium poppy native to?
southwest asia
where was the opium poppy first domesticated?
western mediterranean
______ is the world’s oldest known narcotic
opium
where is opium first referenced as a narcotic?
sumerian medical clay tablets as the “joy plant”
3 historical uses of the opium poppy
- ancient mycenaean funerary rites on crete and cyprus
- burial chambers in spain
- mycenaean opium cults to worship persephone
what was the first narcotic use of opium?
ivory pipes and opium smoking equipment on crete and cyprus
2 forms of opium described by dioscorides
- mekonion = ground whole
- opos = latex from capsules
______ first summarized the medicinal use of opium
galen
6 medicinal uses of opium recommended by galen
- cure for poison/venemous bites
- chronic headaches
- vertigo
- deafness
- epilepsy
- loss of sight/voice
3 places opium use spread to as islamic medicine rose
- arabian peninsula
- india
- china
how did islamic medicine use opium?
pain reliever
______ popularized opium use in renaissance europe
paracelcus
how did paracelcus popularize opium use during the renaissance?
developed laudanum → opium + ethanol for pain relief and euphoria
thomas sydenham
noted opium’s ability to relieve pain and suffeirng
______ was a central component of the healing arts
opium
4 uses for non0alcoholic opium-based syrups
- soothe crying infants
- cough remedies
- diarrhea
- dysentery
godfrey’s cordial
mixture of opium, molasses, and sassafras used as a patent medicine
what did thomas de quincey use opium for?
toothache pain
who first noted the addictive properties of opium?
thomas de quincey
what piece of literature by thomas de quincey noted the addictive and euphoric effects of opium?
confessions of an opium eater
who introduced the opium poppy to china and india?
arabic traders
______ people developed a habit of smoking tobacco and opium
chinese
how did opium addiction spread throughout china?
last ming emperor banned the use of tobacco, causing increased amounts of opium to be smoked
where was most opium produced during the 1800s?
india
which company held a monopoly over the global opium trade?
british east india company
where was it illegal to sell and transport opium?
china
how did opium get into china if it was banned?
public auctions sold opium to british/american merchant ships that smuggled opium into china
illegal opium trade in china
british east india compant supplied raw opium
british/american merchants profited from transport
chinese smuggled and distributed opium
who enforced an imperial edict banning the transportation of opium into china?
lin tse-hsü
cause of the first opium war
lin tse-hsü’s order to destroy all opium stocks
outcome of the first opium war
china’s port was given to the british, cost of destroyed opium was reimbursed, and british were given trading rights with china
second opium war
further weakened chinese government
what ended the british-indian opium trade?
pressure rom chinese government and british parliamentarians
traditional opium production involves (3 steps)…
- sharp knife to cut the fruit
- sap oozes out
- drying to a gummy substance = raw opium
what type of active compound does opium contain?
opiate alkaloids
4 most common opiate alkaloids in opium
- morphine
- noscapine
- papaverine
- thebaine
where do opiate alkaloids exert their effects?
opiate receptors of the cns
effects of opiate alkaloids on the body
- reduce brain arousal/awareness to painful stimulation
- depress respiratory and heart rates
- decrease secretion of digestive juices and passage of food
- reduced sexual desire
- suppressing tension, anxiety, depression, and panic for total satisfaction
what can occur from an overdose of opiate alkaloids?
respiratory arrest
paregoric
opium + camphor used to treat diarrhea
what is the most common opiate alkaloid in raw opium?
morphine
3 properties of morphine
- analgesic
- hypnotic
- narcotic
2 methods of morphine absorption
- oral
- injection
what was morphine generally/mostly used for?
painkiller
advantage of development of hyperdermic needle for morphine
allowed rapid pain relief by injection of morphine directly into bloodstream
addiction to morphine was initially known as ______ ______
soldier’s disease
why was morphine addiction originally known as soldier’s disease?
it was first noted in the american civil war and franco-prussian war
diacetylmorphine is a ______ of morphine
semi-synthetic
who developed diactetylmorphine?
alder wright
how did alder wright create diacetylmorphine?
boiled morphine with acetic acid
diacetylmorphine is commercially produced under the trade name ______
heroin
what company commercially marketed heroin?
bayer company
how did the bayer company market heroin?
harmless, non-addictive substitute for morphine and codeine
______ was recognized as the most addictive opiate and banned
heroin
why is heroin so addictive?
addition of 2 acetyl groups increases lipid solubility which increases potency
4 hour symptoms of heroin withdrawal
- anxiety
- craving
8 hour symptoms of heroin withdrawal
- perspiring
- yawning
- teary eyes
- runny nose
12 hour symptoms of heroin withdrawal
- goose bumps on skin
- muscle twitching
- hot/cold flashes
- aching bones and muscles
- loss of appetite
18-24 hour symptoms of heroin withdrawal
- insomnia
- increased respiration, heart rates, and nausea
final stage (24-36 hour) symptoms of heroin withdrawal
- vomiting
- weight loss
- withdrawn/curled up
hydromorphone is a ______ of morphine
semi-synthetic
2 morphine semi-synthetics
- diacetylmorphine
- hydromorphone
current medical use of hydromorphone
long-term pain relief in terminally ill cancer patients
nalaxone is a ______ opiate
semi-synthetic
effect of nalaxone
reverses the depressive effects of opiates on the respiratory system and cns
2 common uses of nalaxone
- counters the effects of opioid overdose
- overcome opioid addiction/reduce misuse
methadone is a ______ opiate
synthetic
what is methadone commonly used for?
overcoming addiction to heroin
why is methadone used to overcome heroin addiction (4 reasons)?
- less debilitating
- does not depress heart/respiratory rates
- less euphoric/narcotic
- less severe withdrawal symptoms
why does methadone have less severe withdrawal symptoms than heroin?
they occur over a longer period
why is methadone taken in stages of increasing doses to overcome heroin addiction?
lower dose = reduce cravings for heroin and other opiates
higher dose = prevents withdrawal symptoms and dulls desire
codeine is a ______ opiate
semi-synthetic
codeine can be derived from ______ or ______
morphine, thebaine
2 mild effects of codeine
- analgesic
- euphoric
what is codeine commonly used for?
cough suppressant
when combined with acetylsalicylic acid, what is codeine used for?
- arthritic pain
- headaches
- muscle pains
- colds
oxycodone is a ______ opiate
semi-synthetic
where is oxycodone derived from?
thebaine
what is oxycodone mostly used for?
around the clock pain relief
give examples of around the clock pain relief where oxycodone would be used
- chronic cancer patients
- severe osteoarthritic pain
where are semi-synthetic opiates produced legally (4 places)?
- turkey
- india
- france
- australia
fentanyl is a ______ opiate
synthetic
2 historical uses of fentanyl
- analgesic
- anaesthetic
______ is the most common synthetic opiate used clinically
fentantl
2 analogues of fentanyl
- sufentanil
- carfentanil
what are fentanyls primarily used for today?
pain relief
______ and other synthetic opiates have entered the recreational drug trade
fentanyl
2 places where most global opium production occurs
- afghanistan
- golden triangle (myanmar, laos, thailand)
______ is the major global source of illicit heroin
afghanistan
most of north america’s heroin supply is smuggled through ______ and ______
mexico, south america
3 places where opium poppy plantations have been established?
- colombia
- mexico
- central and south america
