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PMCOL 200 > Hallucinogens > Flashcards

Hallucinogens Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hallucinogen?

A

psychoactive agent that causes perception changes (hallucinations) - can change thoughts, emotions, and consciousness

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2
Q

what 2 NT systems do most hallucinogens alter?

A

monoaminergic or glutamatergic

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3
Q

what are 5 criteria for a drug to be classified a hallucinogen?

A

changes in thought/perception/mood, minimal intellectual/memory impairment, no major stupor/narcosis/excessive stimulation, minor ANS side effects, no addictive craving (not inherently rewarding)

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4
Q

what are 3 classical psychedelic drugs?

A

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, “acid”), psilocybin, and mescaline

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5
Q

what receptor do most psychedelics act on?

A

5HT2a

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6
Q

what produces ergot alkaloids? and what can they treat?

A

fungus on rye; migraine (vasoconstrictor)

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7
Q

how did Dr. Albert Hofmann accidentally discover LSD?

A

chemically manipulated pure ergot derivative to make it more stable

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8
Q

approx. how many targets does LSD have?

A

over 50 (including several 5-HT/monoamine)

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9
Q

action at what receptor gives hallucinogenic effects of LSD?

A

5HT2a

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10
Q

what is LSD?

A

high affinity partial 5HT2a agonist

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11
Q

how do we know 5HT2a is responsible for hallucinations?

A

transgenic 5HT2a knockout mice (lack receptor) do not show hallucinogenic behaviour to LSD (head bobs)

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12
Q

t/f: all 5HT2a agonists are hallucinogenic

A

false

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13
Q

what is a non-hallucinogenic 5HT2a agonist?

A

lisuride hydrogen maleate (LHM)

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14
Q

why aren’t all 5HT2a agonists hallucinogenic?

A

biased agonism

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15
Q

how does LSD show biased agonism to have hallucinogenic effects?

A

activates phospholipase A2 not PLC (like 5-HT) and regulates diff genes

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16
Q

what was measured to confirm LSD effects in humans?

A

oceanic boundlessness (spiritual experiences)

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17
Q

what blocked LSD effects in human study?

A

Ketanserin (5HT2a antagonist)

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18
Q

what are 3 ANS effects of LSD?

A

dilated pupils, incr HR and BP

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19
Q

what are 3 possible adverse effects of LSD?

A

anxiety, paranoia, and delusions

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20
Q

what is hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)?

A

distressing visual hallucinations that appear after drug use

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21
Q

how much LSD can cause tolerance?

A

one dose (tolerance lasts for days)

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22
Q

what occurs w/ LSD tolerance?

A

downregulation of 5HT2a receptors (not other 5-HT receptors)

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23
Q

what is cross-tolerance w/ LSD?

A

tolerance of LSD w/ other hallucinogens at 5-HT receptors (psilocybin, DMT)

24
Q

what does the structure of psilocybin contain? what is it similar to?

A

indole molecule (benzene fused to five-membered pyrrole ring) w/ an amine group; serotonin

25
Q

what naturally contains psilocybin?

A

psilocybin mushrooms

26
Q

when was psilocybin historically used?

A

in religious ceremonies (1000s of years)

27
Q

what are effects of psilocybin?

A

euphoria, visual/mental hallucinations, distorted perception/sense of time, spiritual experiences

28
Q

what are 2 adverse rxns to psilocybin?

A

nausea and panic attacks

29
Q

t/f: psilocybin is a prodrug

A

true

30
Q

what is psilocybin metabolized to in the body?

A

psilocin

31
Q

what is psilocin?

A

partial 5HT agonist

32
Q

what 5HT receptors does psilocin have high vs low affinity to?

A

high: 5HT-2b and 2c
low: 5HT2a

33
Q

what causes hallucinogenic effects of psilocin?

A

binding to 5HT2a (like LSD)

34
Q

what are dissociative hallucinogens?

A

drugs that distort perception of sight/sound and produce feelings of detachment from enviro/self

35
Q

t/f: dissociative hallucinogens can lead to depersonalization and analgesia

A

true

36
Q

what is phencyclidine? (2)

A

an NMDA receptor antagonist and dopamine transporter (DAT) antagonist (incr synaptic DA ~ ketamine)

37
Q

t/f: phencyclidine is aka angel dust

A

true

38
Q

t/f: phencyclidine does not have addiction liability

A

false, exception to most hallucinogens (is self-administered in animals and affect DA levels)

39
Q

what was phencyclidine originally marketed as? what replaced it?

A

anesthetic medication; replaced by ketamine

40
Q

what are 4 (possibly) adverse effects of phencyclidine?

A

changes in body image, paranoia, unpredictable mood, loss of ego boundaries

41
Q

what is nitrous oxide aka?

A

laughing gas

42
Q

what is N2O commonly used as?

A

dissociative anesthetic

43
Q

what are 2 side effects of nitrous oxide?

A

euphoria and depersonalization

44
Q

t/f: N2O is high potency and used alone for full anesthesia

A

false, low potency so usually mixed w/ another gas for full anesthesia

45
Q

what are 3 targets of N2O in the brain?

A

non-competitive NMDA antagonist, stimulates endogenous opioid release, positive allosteric GABA-a modulator

46
Q

what may cause analgesic effects of N2O?

A

release of dynorphin (endogenous opioid) and kappa opioid receptor activation

47
Q

what do deliriant hallucinogens cause?

A

state of delirium (extreme confusion and inability to control one’s actions)

48
Q

what is similar and different btwn deliriants and psychedelics?

A

both produce visual/auditory hallucinations but deliriants feel real and not drug-induced

49
Q

what is low lucidity?

A

drugs users do not have the metacognition to identify their experience as a dream/fake/drug-induced (deliriants)

50
Q

what receptors do deliriants block?

A

muscarinic ACh receptors (anticholinergic)

51
Q

what is Datura stramonium?

A

widespread poisonous plant that has tropane alkaloids

52
Q

what are 2 tropane alkaloids?

A

scopolamine and atropine (in Datura stramonium)

53
Q

what are scopolamine and atropine?

A

competitive antagonists at muscarinic cholinergic receptors

54
Q

what are 4 cognitive symptoms of Datura?

A

delirium, confusion, hallucinations, and unconsciousness

55
Q

what are 4 systemic effects of Datura?

A

dry mouth, dilated pupils, muscle stiffness, tachycardia (lethal at high doses)

56
Q

why can 1st gen antihistamines (like diphenhydramine) also produce deliriant hallucinations at high doses?

A

act on muscarinic receptors and have anticholinergic effects

PMCOL 200 (27 decks)

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