Hallucinogens Flashcards
Hallucinogen classifications
Seratonin like: LSD psilocybin
Acetylcholine like: muscarin, atropine, ibotenic acid (not common bc unpleasant) Norepinephrine: mescaline (peyote cactus)
Nothing: PCP Ketamine
History LSD & derived
Derived from ergot found in rye Ergotism: going mad from ergot infected grains suspected cause of Salem witchcraft
Pharmacokinetics LSD
50-150 micrograms (veeery small dosage to be potent) taken orally effect 30-60 mins 1% reaches the brain Half-life 3 hrs “Free Trips” randomly occur a few years later
Hoffman LSD
Combined lysergic acid w compound to create LSD Intended to help w contractions 25 attempts to success (LSD 25) Had first LSD trip described v methodologically
60s LSD
Used to treat terminal illness reduced anxiety & depression (doing it again now) Made illegal & schedule 1 drugs halting research
Hallucinogenic Drug definition
anything that causes perceptual and cognitive distortions in absence of delirium (have some reasoning)
LSD Acute Effects (phases)
Somatic (first 30-60 minutes)
- sympathetic system stimulation
- release of inner tension
Sensory (1-3 hours)
- Hallucinations: synthesia (“smelling colors” sense mixing)
Psychic (hour 4-end)
- Mood swings
- feeling of timelessness
- Can have panic attacks
- Separation of mind and body
LSD other acute effects
- Uterine contractions
- cramps
- Jaw clenching
- Goosebumps
- Nausea
- perspiration
LSD on the Brain
- Bind to 5HT-2A receptors (seratonin)
- Cause desynchronization in cortical activity
- Locus Coeruleaus more sensitive to sensory input
- Does not excite nor inhibit
LSD & substance dependence
Very low level of substance dependence
- Tolerance: builds up rapidly but shortly
- If you take it Saturday you will be tolerant Sunday but it dissipates by the next week
- Trip is very long ~8 hours you cannot stop in the middle, people get tired of it
- No physical withdrawal/dependence
- Experience very unpredictable, people like to control their drug experience
LSD Adverse Effects
- No cases reported of O.D.
- No correlation between schizophrenia and LSD
- Schizophrenics can differentiate hallucinations from LSD & schizophrenia
- Hallucination Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD): random trips later on
- Visual disturbances
- Halos around objects
Psylocibin Quick Facts (time, dosage, ingestion)
- lasts 4-5 hours;
- Hallucinations start an hour after taking
- Low dose
- Hallucinations: organic shapes, walls breathe, color enhancement
- Feeling of peace
- High dose: mystical experience
- Intense spiritual experience
- Less social
- Prodrug: psyilocybin breaks down into psilocin which is more lipid soluble
PCP effects
- Unpredictable
- hours to weeks
- Euphoria
- Illusion of
- Invincibility-> can lead to injuries
- Superhuman strength
- Sex god
- Hallucinations (no synthesia)
- Colorful visions
- Body dysmorphia (think super long arms/legs)
- Amnesia
AcH (2 examples and effects)
- Atropine (atropa beladona): dialates eyes
- Muscarine: vikings took it “feels like flying” in battle
- Effects
- Increased HR
- Dialates eyes
- Can kill you
- generally unpleasant
Pharmacokinetics PCP
5 things
- NMDA (glutamate) antagonist: Causes anesthesia and analgesia (no respiratory depression)
- Inhibit nACh nititronic Acetylcholine receptors -> memory (leads to amnesia)
- Dopamine receptor (D2) partial agonist -> Hallucination
- Inhibits DA reuptake
- Increases DA an NE by stimulating tyroxine hydroxilase
