Hallucinogens Flashcards
Classes of hallucinogens
Deliriants: scopolamine, DPH, myristicin (nutmeg)
dissociatives: Ket, PCP
oneirogens (dream-like state): salvia, ibogaine
psychedelics
GABAA-targetting drugs example, mechanism, and effects
muscimol is a GABAA agonist and GABA transporter inhibitor that is hallucinogenic. Muscimol is formed from ibotenic acid by glutamic acid decarboxylase. found in amanita muscaria. muscimol considered neuroprotective
Ibotenate, also found in amanita, is activates NMDA and mGluRs - excitotoxic and convulsant.
intoxication from amanita occurs 15-30 mins after intake, causing nausea, diarrhoea, sweating, dry mouth, hyperthermia, pupillodilation, light sensitivity, euphoria, hyperactivity, hallucinations, delirium, twitching, and mystical experiences. peaks for 2-3 hours and lasts 8h total.
muscarinic-targetting drugs example, mechanism, and effects
from solanacaceae, a nightshade.
include atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine
benzatropine - synthetic
atropine has been referenced for much of history, such as atropa one of the 3 fates in ancient greece. they were used as poisons in ancient world.
cause tachycardia, dry mouth, blurred vision, restlessness, coma, death. euphoria and hallucinations (deliriants) mediated centrally. can also cause anxiety.
NMDA-targetting drugs example, mechanism, and effects
PCP developed as an anaesthetic in 1953 and withdrawn in 1965. people were using it recreationally in san fransisco and were being hospitalised with schizophrenia-like symptoms.
pills, snorted, injected, or smoked. commonly consumed with weed or MDMA (elephant flipping)
ketamine is an open channel blocker of NMDA. non-medicinal uses began in the 70s. higher doses cause K-hole a dissociative hallucination. 2019 saw FDA approve for depression
Psilocybin
psilocybin is a prodrug for psilocin. been used likely since prehistory. schedules in 1970s in USA.
an entheogen that is described as mystical or religious.
acts at 5HT2A as agonist
LSD
LSD synthesised by albert hofmann in switzerland. several further analogues have been produced such as LSZ, Ethlad, al-lad
LSD binds forming an unusual configuration with the 5HT2A receptor. also binds with very slow kinetics giving it its very long effects. sees exaggerated TM6 outwards movement and the IC loops 2&3 see a conformational change
psychedelics have been attributed by many celebrities and scientists for helping in their works.
ibogaine
from a west african iboga plant root. low doses reduce fatigue. 5HT2A agonism, kappa-opioid agonism, DA, NMDA, mAChR, and nAChR effects. was a treatment for opioid addiction in the USA in the 1960s
Methyltrypatmines
AMT (MDMA-like effects) and DMT are methyltryptamines.
DMT consumed ritually as ayahuasca together with harmine (MAOI).
act as 5HT2A agonist
Prevalence of use
Psychedelics are quite prominent in use, with almost 8-9% of adults in UK having consumed them. more shrooms than lsd
ketamine use has increased massively since the mid 2000s
new psychoactive substances have seen a sharp increase in uses since mid2000s
