Anabolics

Question 1

Mechanism of anabolic androgenic steroids

Answer 1

They cross the plasma membrane and act at intracellular androgen receptors which translocate to the nucleus and alter DNA transcription to promote the formation of new muscle tissue. also decrease body fat%

They not only promote hypertrophy, but also myogenesis - the production of new myotubes. 5-fold increase in myonucleus formation.

They have a dose dependent response in increasing muscle mass/reducing fat

Question 2

SARMS

Answer 2

SARMs which were designed for muscle wasting conditions and sarcopenia. they are more selective for muscle tissue - cause less systematic effects.

Question 3

Side effects of steroid abuse

Answer 3

men: reduced sperm count, infertility, shrunken testicles, erectile dysfunction, baldness, breast development, prostate cancer risk, acne, stomach pain.

Women: facial and body hair growth, loss of breasts, clitoral swelling, deeper voice, increased sex drive, loss of periods, hair loss, acne.

Can cause heart attack, stroke, renal/liver injury, hypertension, blood clots, fluid retention, and high cholesterol.

Also leads to aggressive behaviour, mood swings, paranoia, manic behaviour, hallucinations and delusions.

Question 4

growth hormone effects and side effects

Answer 4

Growth hormone has been seen to have performance enhancing effects. anabolic agent for connective tissue in muscle and tendons.

Increases appetite, carpal tunnel, increased insulin resistance, t2DM, oedema, joint/muscle pain, gynecomastia, increased cancer risk.

Question 5

B2-agonists mechanism and side effects

Answer 5

increase the size of medium sized bronchioles - reduce airway resistance.

they alter the production of certain transcription factors that alter the composition of the muscle. they increase MHC-IIA - increases proportion of fast twitch muscle fibres.

Causes tremor, headaches, palpitations, hypertension, cramps, anxiety, agitation, sweating, renal/liver damage, increased heart disease and stroke risk.

Question 6

Example fo myostatin targeting drug

Answer 6

Myostatin inhibits the synthesis of muscle and myogenesis through activity at TGF-B1.

Bimagrumab is a human mAb that binds to TGF-B receptor and prevents myostatin binding. leads to increased muscle mass and reduced body fat.

While it increased muscle mass it did not appear to increase muscle strength.

Indicates that strength is not purely based on muscle size.