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biology year 9 > half-term 4 > Flashcards

half-term 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the simple definition of a virus?

A

a package of genetic material wrapped in a protein coat

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2
Q

what are the 7 characteristics of life?

A 
movement 
respiration
sensitivity
nutrition
excretion 
reproduction
growth
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3
Q

what are 2 type of viruses that affect animals?

A

aden oviruses and coronaviruses

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4
Q

what type of virus infect bacteria?

A

bacteriophages

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5
Q

which coronavirus caused COVID-19?

A

SARS-CoV-2

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6
Q

explain the reason for washing you hands with soap to help prevent the transmission of COVID-19

A

this genetic material is packaged inside a lipid envelope which can be broken apart by chemicals in soap. once broken up the virus is harmless and can no longer be caught or transmitted

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7
Q

how can fungi reproduce

A

both sexually and asexually

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8
Q

example of a single-celled fungi

A

yeasts

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9
Q

what do fungi’s cell walls contain

A

chitin

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10
Q

what is hyphae

A

branching filaments

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11
Q

what is the reproductive part of fungi called

A

the fruiting body

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12
Q

how do fungi obtain food

A

fungi use their hyphae, which elongate & branch off spreading the mycelium through soil or through living or dead plant or in animal tissues.

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13
Q

what are decomposers?

A

fungi obtain their food substances from dead organic matter, break down & get rid of dead organisms

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14
Q

what are Lichens?

A

an association of a fungus, & a plant that photosynthesises.

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15
Q

what is one example of a useful use of bacteria

A

making yogurt

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16
Q

how is anthrax spread

A

inhaled

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17
Q

how is whooping cough spread

A

spread through the air from person to person

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18
Q

how is Lyme disease spread

A

spread by ticks

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19
Q

how is chlamydia spread

A

sexually transmitted

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20
Q

how is botulism spread

A

develops if a persons ingests the toxin

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21
Q

how is tetanus spread

A

from soil and manure it can enter through a break in the skin

22
Q

how is diphtheria spread

A

spreads through droplets

23
Q

how is diarrhea spread

A

droplet infection

24
Q

how is meningitis spread

A

coughing, sneezing, kissing

25
Q

how is stomach ulcers spread

A

person to person in close contact

26
Q

how is legionnaire’s disease spread

A

by inhaling droplets of water

27
Q

how is listeriosis spread

A

transmitted via the oral route after ingestion of contaminated food products

28
Q

how is leprosy spread

A

coughing or sneezing, droplets

29
Q

how is tuberculosis spread

A

spreads through the air

30
Q

how is gonorrhoea spread

A

sexually transmitted

31
Q

how is salmonellosis spread

A

contaminated food and drink

32
Q

how is pneumonia spread

A

pathogen entering the lungs

33
Q

how is cholera spread

A

food or drink contaminated with infected persons face.

34
Q

what are protoctists or protists?

A

single-celled organisms that are not anima, plant or fungi

35
Q

what are the two things all proctists/protists have in common?

A

they are all very simple and small.

36
Q

3 protocists that live in fresh water

A

Amoeba, Paramecium and Euglena

37
Q

information about Amoeba

A

move by bulging their cytoplasm, to slide across a surface

38
Q

information about Paramecium

A

slipper shaped organism with many hair like cilia around the outside of their membrane

39
Q

information about Euglena

A

have characteristics of both animals (have a long flagellum and move, have an eyespot and move towards the light) and plants (have chloroplast and photosynthesise, they store starch

40
Q

what do Parasitic protoctists include?

A

Plasmodium

41
Q

the life cycle of plasmodium vivax (7)

A

1 human- female mosquito bites the human
2 human- the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, travels in the blood
3 human- the malaria parasite infects the liver
4 human- the malaria parasite reproduces asexually
5 the mosquito consumes infected blood when feeding
6 mosquito- the malaria parasite travels from the gut to its salivary glands
7 mosquito- the malaria parasite reproduces sexually

42
Q

6 of the body’s primary defences and explanation of how each one performs

A
  • tears (contain an enzyme that kills some microbes)
  • mucus (traps particles and contains an enzyme that kills some microbes)
  • cilia (there are fine hairs in the airways. move trapped microbes back up out of the body)
  • skin (stops microbes from entering the body)
  • scab (blood clots over a wound to prevent microbes from entering the body)
  • stomach acid (kills many microbes)
43
Q

after the body’s primary defences what is the next line of defence?

A

white blood cells

44
Q

what are the three types of white blood cell and what do they do?

A
  • Phagocytes- ingest microbes and destroy them
  • ‘B-cells’- produce antibodies
  • ‘T-cells’- produce antitoxins
45
Q

what happens when microbes infect the body?

A

white blood cells numbers increase and blood flows to the site of the infection.

46
Q

white blood cells

A

cells in the blood that help fight disease, for example by producing antibodies

47
Q

immune system

A

the parts of our bodies that fight disease caused by pathogens such as viruses and bacteria, including the white blood cells

48
Q

phagocyte

A

a type of white blood cell that ingests and digests harmful particles such as bacteria

49
Q

antibody

A

a molecule made by the immune system that recognises microbes and helps get rid of them

50
Q

memory cell

A

a white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight infection caused by pathogen; it can quickly fight the same pathogen if it should enter the body again

51
Q

what happens once an infection is overcome?

A
  • Once an infection is overcome, the number of white blood cells returns to normal levels.
  • However, some T cells and B cells remain as memory cells.
  • If the same pathogen infects the body again, these memory cells react quickly
  • This is why we don’t often suffer from the same disease twice: we are now immune to it.
52
Q

how does mutating affect what happens after you overcome the flu?

A
  • Some pathogens, such as those that cause flu, can mutate
  • This means there are small changes in their DNA which means they produce slightly
  • different proteins (antigens).
  • This means that the memory cells do not recognise them so we can get flu each year.

biology year 9 (3 decks)

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