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biology year 9 > half-term 2- pg 22-33- DNA and Genetics > Flashcards

half-term 2- pg 22-33- DNA and Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

inherit

A

derive a feature or characteristic for from parents

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2
Q

trait

A

a characteristic

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3
Q

chromosome

A

a piece of DNA that contains genes

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4
Q

identical twins

A

twins that developed from a single egg and share the same genetic information

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5
Q

conjoined twins

A

twins that are physically joined at birth, sometimes sharing organs or limbs

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6
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid- the molecule in the nucleus of cells that carries genetic information

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7
Q

gene

A

a selection of DNA that controls an inherited feature

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8
Q

base

A

chemicals DNA is made up of

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9
Q

double helix

A

the structure of the DNA molecule, like a twisted ladder

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10
Q

biotechnology

A

the use of living organisms to make useful products

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11
Q

forensic science

A

the scientific method of collecting and examining scientific information about events in the past

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12
Q

genetic disorder

A

a disorder caused by a fault in one or more genes

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13
Q

DNA profile

A

an analysis of a person’s DNA to show the sequence of bases

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14
Q

karyotype

A

the number and appearance of the chromosomes in a cell nucleus

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15
Q

trisomy, and example

A

a chromosomal disorder characterised by an extra chromosome, e.g. Down’s syndrome

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16
Q

clone

A

a living thing that is genetically identical to its parent

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17
Q

asexual reproduction, and example

A

reproduction without sex, involving one parent, e.g. taking cuttings of plants

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18
Q

nuclear transfer

A

a form of cloning where the genetic material is removed from an unfertilised egg and is replaced with the nucleus from the organism to be cloned

19
Q

extinction

A

the process of a species dying out

20
Q

endangered species

A

a species that is so few in number that the species could become extinct

21
Q

gene bank

A

a store of genetic material (such as seeds) that can be used in the future to grow more organisms

22
Q

mass extinction

A

the extinction of a large number of species at the same time

23
Q

what 3 variations are caused by parents passing on their features to their offspring?

A

the variation in shape, size and colour of living things

24
Q

what are 3 examples of traits in humans?

A
  • eye colour
  • blood types
  • freckles
25
Q

why do brother and sisters with the same parents inherit different features?

A

only half of each the mothers and fathers chromosomes are used. one from each pair. there for each cell contains a random mix of the parents genetic information.

26
Q

how do identical twins occur?

A

when one egg is fertilised by one sperm. the egg divides into two halves, this is a random occurrence. if the egg does not split entirely after twelve days, this results in conjoined twins.

27
Q

is having twins genetic?

A

no

28
Q

what is DNA short for?

A

deoxyribonucleic

29
Q

why do organisms differ?

A

they have different genes

30
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs, 46

31
Q

what does a DNA molecule consist of?

A

two strands that wind around each other like a twisted ladder

32
Q

Name the four bases an their pairs

A
  • A, T, C, G
  • A always pairs with T
  • C always pairs with G
33
Q

what was Wilkins idea

A

studying DNA using the technique of X-rays crystallography, firing X-rays at the DNA

34
Q

explain how DNA is in food we eat

A

there is DNA in all foods

35
Q

what happens to DNA when a person dies or it is heated?

A

it dentures, broken up by enzymes and acid in the gut and some with pass through as faeces

36
Q

what does DNA extraction enable a scientist to do?

A
  • detect genetic disorders
  • produce fingerprints
  • create genetically altered organisms
37
Q

name three sources of DNA found at a crime scene

A

blood
saliva
hair
skin

38
Q

which part of the egg an sperm cell fuse together?

A

the nucleus of them both

39
Q

how does a genetic disorder occur?

A

during the creation of sex cells and embryos, errors sometimes happen and individuals are born with additional or missing chromosomes.

40
Q

what are three symptoms of trisomy 21?

A

broad flat face
thick tongue
small nose

41
Q

What is an example of cloning in plants

A

Spider plant has small plants dangling from the end of the runners coming from the parent plant

42
Q

Examples of aesexual reproduction in animals

A

Sea anemone
Hydra
Starfish

43
Q

How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction?

A
  • only one parent is needed
  • large numbers of offspring can be made very quickly
  • favoured features can be passed on
  • no fusion of sex cells

biology year 9 (3 decks)

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