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Physical geography > Haiti earthquake > Flashcards

Haiti earthquake Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Haiti?

A

South east of Cuba and shares its landmass w/ the Dominican Republic. North of the Caribbean Sea. West of the Atlantic Ocean.

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2
Q

Where is Haiti in terms of plate boundaries?

A

Between the Caribbean and N. American plates. Windward Islands of the Caribbean are volcanic in origin and there are still many active volcanoes.
Inner islands, including Haiti, known as Leeward Islands, less volcanic but suffer from earthquakes.
Haiti is on a strike slip fault that runs off a destructive plate margin.

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3
Q

What was the magnitude of the 2010 earthquake?

A

7.0 on the Richter scale. Lasted 1 minute but caused sm damage due to Haiti’s state of dev.

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4
Q

Where was the epicentre of the 2010 earthquake?

A

15 miles / 20km under Haiti’s capital, Port au Prince. Hypercentre/focus shallow at 13km. Seismic waves started at fault line that was 10kim in length.

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5
Q

What is the frequency of earthquakes in Haiti?

A

200yrs since last major earthquake - rare. 1755 earthquake, there was an even bigger event in 1770 - can happen close in time.
This activity moved west in 18th century w/ Jamaica suffering from seismic activity. Geologists worried this could be new phase of activity w/ strain energy moving along fault line.

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6
Q

Why was Haiti so vulnerable to the earthquake?

A

Struck close to the capital of 2 million ppl. Port au Prince has many areas built on unstable soils and seismic waves are amplified within soils.
Most sig., Haiti is the poorest country in the western hemisphere w/ a highly vulnerable population.

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7
Q

Vulnerability: What % of the population is under 14?

A

38%

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8
Q

Vulnerability: What is the infant mortality rate?

A

60/100

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9
Q

Vulnerability: What is the life expectany?

A

60

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10
Q

Vulnerability: What is the country’s GDP?

A

$1,300

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11
Q

Vulnerability: What % under poverty line?

A

80%

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12
Q

Vulnerability: What % illiterate?

A

53%

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13
Q

What is the slum/shanty town in Port au Prince?

A

Cite de Soleil

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14
Q

What is Haiti’s capacity to cope w/ hazard events?

A

Geologist Paul Mann wrote report in 2008 saying if there was a major earthquake it would be catastrophic.
Haiti does not have the resources to heed these warnings. Poor building quality meant many collapsed. Ppl poor so they had few ‘reserves’ to draw on and limited social safety net.

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15
Q

How many ppl live in abject poverty in Cite del Soleil?

A

500,000. These ppl worst affected.

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16
Q

How much of Haiti’s GDP was already reliant on international aid?

A

30%

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17
Q

Why was Haiti’s institutional capacity so poor?

A

V. poor infrastructure that could not withstand an earthquake. Not in a good position politically - political dictatorships.
Institutions destroyed - hospitals, communication etc.

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18
Q

How were major transport links sig. damaged?

A

Liquefaction and lateral spreading damaged the port and cranes and debris fell into the sea. Airport control tower and runway damaged - difficult to get aid in. Roads badly damaged hindering aid efforts.

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19
Q

What major damage was there to buildings?

A

Buildings not built w/ earthquakes in mind so not safe. 50% of buildings collapsed due to cheap construction methods (lack of corner braces, steel in vertical uprights). Buildings pancaked as the floors caved in on one another.

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20
Q

What occurred in Haiti’s government 1957-86?

A

1957-86 lived under the brutal dictatorship of Papa Doc and Baby Doc Duvalier.

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21
Q

What happened in terms of government in 1987?

A

1987 elections were abandoned due to violence.

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22
Q

What had happened by 1990 in terms of government?

A

1990, President Aristide was elected but there was still a lot of political chaos.

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23
Q

What happened in terms of government in 2004?

A

Aristide removed by a military coup.
United Nations Stabilisation Mission enters Haiti.
UN attempted to stabilise country but often described as a ‘failed state’

24
Q

Which important institutions were destroyed which undermined recovery efforts?

A

Three Médecins Sans Frontieres hospitals. The landline telephone system. The palace of the president. The finance ministry. The HQ of the UN Mission. The world bank office. The main prison in Port au Prince.

25
Q

Around how many ppl died?

A

316,000

26
Q

How many ppl were injured?

A

300,000

27
Q

How many ppl were made homeless?

A

2.3 million

28
Q

How many residences and how many commercial properties were destroyed or needed demolishing?

A

250,000 residences

30,000 commercial properties

29
Q

Why were so many buildings destoyed?

A

Construction standards low and no building codes.

30
Q

How many inmates escaped Port au Prince prison?

A

4000

31
Q

How many schools were destroyed and what did this result in?

A

1,300 schools destroyed w/ uni buildings seriously damaged. Education system collapsed.

32
Q

How many ppl died because of cholera?

A

8000 ppl died due to a cholera outbreak.

33
Q

What was the immediate response in Haiti?

A

Ind.s tried to recover belongings. Scientists flocked to area to gather vital evidence. Aid from within Haiti was almost non-existent as so many institutions has been destroyed and did not have resources to cope.

34
Q

Why was the foreign aid effort slowed down?

A

Lack of transport infrastructure and lack of coordination.
Confusion over who was in charge, air traffic congestion and issues w/ prioritsing flights complicated early relief work.

35
Q

What were the responses from many countries?

A

Pledged funds, dispatched rescue and medical teams, engineers and personal support.

36
Q

What was done from London?

A

Satellite imagery used in London to guide relief efforts on the ground

37
Q

What happened due the delay in response?

A

Angry appeals from aid workers and survivors, looting and sporadic violence.

38
Q

What became a priority as there were less rescues?

A

medical care and sanitation.

39
Q

How soldiers did the US deploy to Haiti?

A

3,500

40
Q

What did the UK send?

A

A large search and rescue team w/ dogs to hunt for survivors. The removal of dead bodies became a v. difficult task. Many had to be buried in large communal graves.

41
Q

What were the social impacts of the earthquake?

A
  • 160,000 deaths
  • 3 million affected
  • Building collapse
  • Collapsed buildings blocked road and rail links
42
Q

What was the economic impact?

A

The clothing industry which accounts for 2/3 of Haiti’s exports reported structural damage at manufacturing facilities. 1 in 5 jobs lost as result of quake.

43
Q

What environmental impacts were there?

A

Sea levels in local areas changed - some areas of land sank below sea

44
Q

How many ppl were still in displacement camps in 2014?

A

170,000 (1.5 million at peak)

45
Q

What % of children were not in primary school in 2014?

A

23%

46
Q

What % of ppl lacked electricity in 2014?

A

70%

47
Q

How many ppl were still food insecure?

A

600,000

48
Q

How could the event cost?

A

$8 billion

49
Q

What had been achieved by 2014?

A

50% of debris cleared, new building codes. Part of country’s debt written off.

50
Q

What did the EU and World Bank do?

A

EU gave $330 million

The World Bank waived the countries debt repayments for 5 yrs.

51
Q

What did Senegal do?

A

Offered land to any Haitians who wanted it.

52
Q

How much rubble was left 6 months after event?

A

98%

53
Q

How many ppl still displaced 1 yr later?

A

1 mil

54
Q

How much money was raised by charity and how much was released?

A

23 charities raised $1.1 billion but only 2% released.

55
Q

What did the Dominican Republic do?

A

offered aid and accepted some refugees.

56
Q

What was the issue w/ camps set up?

A

No electricity, running water, or sewage disposal and tents began to fall apart. Still 1.6 million in camps.

Physical geography (17 decks)

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