HAIR FINAL STYLING AND CUTTING Flashcards
STYLING, CHEMICAL, HAIRCOLOR, AND CUTTING ASPECTS OF TEST
What term refers to the scientific study of hair and its diseases and care?
Trichology
The Greek word trichos means _____.
hair
The hair, skin, nails, and glands are part of the _____ system.
integumentary
What part of the hair is located below the surface of the epidermis?
Hair root
The pocket or tube-like depression in the scalp or skin that contains the hair root is the hair _____.
follicle
The thickened, club-like structure that forms the lower part of the hair root is the _____.
hair bulb
A small, cone-shaped area located at the base of the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb is the
_____.
dermal papilla
What structures contain the blood and nerve supply that provide the nutrients needed for hair growth?
Dermal papillae
The small, involuntary muscle fiber in the base of the hair follicle is the _____.
arrector pili
The substance secreted by the sebaceous glands is called _____.
sebum
What is the oily substance secreted by the skin’s oil glands that lubricates the hair and skin?
Sebum
The body naturally produces _____ of the 20 amino acids that make up hair.
11
What is the outermost layer of hair?
Hair Cuticle
Which layer of the hair shaft creates the shine and the smooth, silky feel of healthy hair?
Hair Cuticle
A lengthwise section of hair shows that cuticle scales overlap and each individual cuticle scale is
attached to the _____.
cortex
Which term refers to a layer that protects the hair from penetration and prevents damage to hair fibers?
Hair cuticle
The fibrous protein core formed by elongated cells that contains melanin pigment is the _____.
cortex
The changes involved in oxidation haircoloring, wet setting, thermal styling, permanent waving, and
chemical hair relaxing take place within the _____.
cortex
Hair is composed of protein that grows from cells originating within the _____.
hair follicle
The hair shaft that emerges from the scalp is a nonliving fiber composed of
keratinized protein
Hair is approximately _____ percent protein.
90
The major elements that make up human hair are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur, often
referred to as _____.
COHNS elements
The units of structure that build protein and are joined together end to end like pop beads are _____.
amino acids
A long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds is called a _____ chain.
polypeptide
What substances are comprised of long, coiled, complex polypeptides made of amino acids?
Proteins
The three different types of side bonds that link chains of amino acids together are _____.
hydrogen, salt, and disulfide
What type of bond is broken by wetting the hair with water and is reformed when the hair dries?
Hydrogen bond
A weak, physical, cross-link side bond between adjacent polypeptide chains that is broken by changes
in pH is a _____ bond.
salt
Permanent waving and hair relaxers change the shape of hair by chemically altering the hair’s _____.
disulfide bonds
Hydroxide chemical relaxers break disulfide bonds and convert them to _____ bonds.
lanthionine
All natural hair color is the result of pigment called _____.
melanin
The pigment that provides brown or black color to hair is _____.
eumelanin
What pigment in hair provides natural colors ranging from red and ginger to yellow and blond tones?
Pheomelanin
What term refers to the shape of the hair strand?
Wave pattern
What is the cross-section shape of curly hair?
Oval
Vellus hair is also known as _____ hair.
lanugo
What type of hair is short, fine, unpigmented, and downy?
Vellus hair
What are the three growth cycles of human hair?
Anagen, catagen, and telogen
What is the growth phase during which new hair is produced?
Anagen
What is the resting phase or final phase of the hair cycle that lasts until the fully grown hair is shed?
Telogen phase
The sudden falling out of hair in round patches or baldness in spots is known as _____.
alopecia areata
The complete loss of all body hair is known as _____.
alopecia universalis
Temporary hair loss experienced at the end of a pregnancy is called
postpartum alopecia
What is the technical term for gray hair?
Canities
The condition of abnormal hair growth of terminal hair is referred to as _____.
hypertrichosis
Trichoptilosis is the technical term for _____.
split ends
What is a condition that is characterized by brittleness and the formation of nodular swellings along
the hair shaft?
Trichorrhexis nodosa
What is the technical term for beaded hair?
Monilethrix
What is the technical term for brittle hair?
Fragilitas crinium
What is the medical term used to describe dandruff?
Pityriasis
Current research confirms that dandruff is the result of a fungus called _____.
malassezia
What is a severe type of dandruff characterized by an accumulation of greasy or waxy scalp scales
mixed with sebum?
Pityriasis steatoides
What severe form of dandruff is accompanied by redness and inflammation?
Seborrheic dermatitis
What is the medical term for ringworm?
Tinea
Tinea is characterized by itching scales and sometimes painful circular lesions and is caused by _____.
fungal organisms
What is a scalp disorder characterized by dry, sulfur-yellow, cup-like crusts on the scalp?
Tinea favosa
What is a highly contagious skin disease caused by a parasite called a mite?
Scabies
What term refers to an infestation of the hair and scalp with head lice?
Pediculosis capitis
What term refers to an acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle that produces constant
pain?
Furuncle
The thickness or diameter of the individual hair strand is referred to as hair _____.
texture
Which type of hair has the largest diameter and usually requires more processing?
Coarse hair
The measurement that describes the number of individual hair strands on one square inch of the scalp
is hair _____.
density
The ability of the hair to absorb moisture is hair _____.
porosity
Chemical services performed on hair with low porosity require a _____ solution.
more alkaline
The ability of hair to stretch and return to its original length without breaking is referred to as hair
_____.
elasticity
Hair flowing in the same direction, as the result of follicles sloping in the same direction, is known as a
_____.
hair stream
Dry hair and scalp should be treated with products that contain moisturizers and _____.
emollients
The _____ for design are likely to come from many sources: movies, TV, magazines, videos, even a
person on the street—anywhere, at any time.
inspiration
The five basic elements of three-dimensional hair design are line, form, space, design texture, and
color
What element of hair design defines form and space, while creating the shape, design, and movement
of a hairstyle?
Line
Which type of line is used to create width in the hair, extending in the same direction while
maintaining a constant distance apart?
Horizontal line
The type of line used to create length and height in hair design while making the hair style appear
longer and narrower is a(n) _____.
vertical line
_____ lines are positioned between horizontal and vertical lines and are often used to emphasize or
minimize facial features.
Diagonal
_____ lines move in a circular or semi-circular direction and are used to soften a design.
Curved
Curved lines can be placed horizontally, vertically, or diagonally, and are used to create a _____ when
repeating in opposite directions.
wave
The one-length hairstyle is an example of the use of _____ lines.
single
Contrasting lines are horizontal and vertical lines that create a hard edge and form a _____.
90-degree angle
What lines are curved and used to blend and soften horizontal or vertical lines?
Transitional lines
_____ lines have a definite forward or backward movement.
Directional
Another name for the three-dimensional volume or mass of a hairstyle that exhibits length, width, and
depth is _____.
form
A hair form should be in proportion to the shape of the head and face, the length and width of the neck,
and the _____ line.
shoulder
What term describes the area surrounding the form, or the area the hairstyle occupies, which may also
contain curls, waves, straight hair, or any combination?
Space
_____ refers to directional wave patterns that must be taken into consideration when designing a style
Design texture
_____ hair can create a larger form of hair that is more coiled, grows more compact together, and will
Curly
Chemically infused services that make changes in the natural texture, curl, or wave pattern in the hair
are considered _____.
permanent
_____-based chemical treatments used for smoothing or straightening are now more readily available
but still not considered completely permanent.
Keratin
Stylists should use _____ wave patterns to accentuate the face and narrow a round head shape.
smooth
Which element of hair design is used to define texture and line, in addition to linking design elements
together?
Hair Color
What element acts as an illusion and helps to create lines of attention in a hair style?
Color
Use a _____ to draw a line in a hairstyle in the direction you want the eye to travel.
light color
A _____ in a design can be created using a single line of color, or a series of repeated lines.
bold, dramatic accent
The five important principles in art and design—proportion, balance, rhythm, emphasis, and
_____—are also the basis for hair design.
harmony
The comparative relationship of one thing to another in hair design is called _____.
proportion
Establishing equal or appropriate proportions to create symmetry in a design is called _____.
balance
To measure symmetry, you should divide the face into _____ parts.
four equal
What hair design is created when the two halves of a hairstyle form a mirror image of each other?
Symmetrical balance
What hair design is created when the two halves of a hairstyle have equal visual weight, but are
positioned unevenly?
Asymmetrical balance
The regular pulsation or recurrent pattern of movement in a design is known as the _____.
rhythm
The _____, also known as focus, in a design is what draws the eye first, before it travels to the rest of
the design.
emphasis
The principle of hair design that holds all the elements of design together is _____.
harmony
What are the two defining characteristics of hair type?
Wave patterns and hair texture
What four common directional patterns, or waves, are found in all hair and must be considered when
designing a style?
Straight, wavy, curly, and extremely curly
The basic hair textures are fine, medium, and _____.
coarse
Hair density ranges from thick to thin and is measured per square _____.
inch
Wavy, _____ hair offers the most versatility in styling.
medium
A client’s facial shape is determined by the position and prominence of the _____.
facial bones
Which facial shape is 1– times longer than its width across the brow?
oval face
The best styling choice for a client with a round facial type would be one with _____.
volume on the top and closeness or no volume at the sides
To offset or round out the square facial type, choose a style that has _____.
volume around the areas between the temples and jaw and added width around the ears
The outline of the face, head, and figure seen in a side view is known as the _____.
profile
What is considered to be the ideal profile?
Straight profile
A _____ profile has a receding forehead and chin.
b. convex
A _____ profile has a prominent forehead and chin, with other features receded inward.
concave
Lighter highlights may be used at the temples on a client with a narrow forehead to create the illusion
of _____.
width
The triangular section of the face that begins at the apex, or high point of the head, and ends at the
front corners is called the _____ area, or fringe area.
bang
A curved part is used for a high forehead or _____.
receding hairline
_____ back partings are used to create the illusion of width or height in a hairstyle.
Diagonal
One of the most important experiences that a stylist provides is a _____.
shampoo
Often called simply “the shampoo,” this first step of the service actually encompasses three different
processes: scalp care and massage, shampooing, and
conditioning
What are the two basic requirements for a maintaining a healthy scalp?
Cleanliness and stimulation
When are scalp treatments performed?
Before or during the shampoo
_____ is contraindicated, or not recommended, for clients with severe, uncontrolled hypertension.
Massage
What factor differs between a relaxation scalp massage and a treatment scalp massage?
The products that are used
A stylist should recommend a hair or scalp treatment only after having performed a(n) _____.
hair and scalp examination
During a dry hair and scalp treatment, a _____, which resembles a hooded dryer, can be used to help
resolve the moisture balance in the hair.
scalp steamer
Modern antidandruff shampoos, conditioners, and topical lotions contain antifungal agents that control
dandruff by suppressing the growth of a bacteria called _____.
malessezia
Brushing, massaging, or shampooing the scalp is not recommended if the scalp is irritated, prior to a
chemical or haircolor service, or before/after a _____ service.
highlighting
Brushes with _____ bristles have many tiny overlapping layers or scales, which clean and add luster to
the hair.
natural
If you encounter a client with any open wounds, reddened scalp irritations, abnormal scalp flaking, or
infectious disease, discontinue the service(s) and refer them immediately and tactfully to a(n) _____.
physician
To be effective, a shampoo must remove all dirt, oils, cosmetics, and skin debris without _____.
adversely affecting the scalp or hair
Hair should be shampooed _____.
as often as necessary
Maintaining good _____ while shampooing will prevent unnecessary muscle aches, back strain, and
fatigue.
posture
Hair that has been lightened, colored, permed, chemically relaxed, or processed with a keratin
straightener is called _____.
chemically treated
Products are classified as either an alkaline solution or an acidic solution by measuring the amount of
_____ in the solution.
hydrogen
What type of shampoo can leave the hair dry, brittle, porous, and causes fading in colored treated hair?
High-pH shampoo
Water is the most abundant and important element on Earth and is classified as a(n) _____.
universal solvent
Fresh water from lakes and streams is purified by _____, in which matter is allowed to sink to the
bottom of the collecting reservoir.
sedimentation
What is a treatment that passes water through a porous substance, such as charcoal or a filter, for
purification purposes?
Filtration
What chemical is added to fresh water before it enters the public water pipelines for the purpose of
providing additional water purification by killing common bacteria?
Chlorine
What water purification process is used in the manufacture of cosmetics, in which water is heated until
it becomes a vapor, then collected as a liquid?
Distillation
It is important for the stylist to determine if the local water supply to the salon is _____ because it may
affect the outcome of the clients’ chemical services.
soft or hard
The main ingredient in most shampoos is _____.
water
_____ water has had impurities, such as calcium, magnesium, and other metal ions, removed.
DeionizedDeionized
Ingredients in shampoos, as well as all other manufactured products, are listed on the packaging
according to the percentages of each ingredient or in _____.
descending order
The second ingredient listed in most shampoos is the _____, or base detergent, which contains the
surface active cleaning agents.
primary surfactant
What term describes the water-attracting head of a surfactant molecule?
Hydrophilic
The lipophilic tail of a surfactant molecule is considered to be _____.
oil-attracting
What are the shampoos that help close the hair cuticle and are balanced to the pH of skin and hair by
the addition of citric, lactic, or phosphoric acid?
pH-balanced shampoos
_____ shampoo, also known as moisturizing shampoo, is designed to make the hair appear smooth and
shiny and to improve the manageability of the hair.
Conditioning
What are two conditioning agents that help restore moisture and elasticity to the hair shaft?
Protein and biotin
Products that do not remove artificial color from the hair are considered to be _____.
nonstripping
_____ shampoos contain special chemicals or drugs that are effective in reducing dandruff or relieving
other scalp conditions, and may sometimes be prescribed by a physician.
Medicated
Which type of shampoo, containing an active chelating agent, should be used when a buildup on the
hair is evident and prior to all chemical services?
Clarifying shampoo
What type of shampoo washes away excess oiliness while preventing the hair from drying out?
Balancing
What type of shampoo, also known as powder shampoo, cleanses the hair without the use of soap and
water?
Dry
_____ shampoos, sometimes called soap-free shampoos, are formulated with little to no alkaline soap
base, are compatible with hair and soft water sources, and are known to be sensitive to artificial hair
color.
Sulfate-free
A _____ shampoo is designed to re-balance the pH level of your hair by neutralizing any alkali and
unwanted residues in the hair.
neutralizing
Shampoos that are created by combining the surfactant base with basic color pigments are called
_____.
color-enhancing shampoos
What type of shampoo is manufactured with artificial protein molecules added to the base to cling to
the natural protein in the hair and give it extra strength?
Keratin
What special chemical agents are applied to the hair to deposit protein or moisturizer to help restore
the hair’s strength, infuse moisture, give hair body, and protect hair against possible breakage?
Conditioners
What substances absorb moisture or promote the retention of moisture in the hair?
Humectants
_____ conditioners are products designed to penetrate the cortex and reinforce the hair shaft from
within while temporarily reconstructing the hair.
Protein
Which type of conditioning agent is used after a scalp treatment and before styling to remove oil
accumulation from the scalp?
Scalp astringent lotions
_____, also known as hair masks or conditioning packs, are chemical mixtures of concentrated
proteins and intensive moisturizers.
Deep-conditioning treatments
A _____ draping is also known as a wet draping.
shampoo
A _____ strip is less bulky than terry cloth towels and will allow a natural fall to the hair for more
precision while cutting.
neck
When securing a cape as draping for a basic shampoo, do not let the cape touch the _____.
client’s skin
Do not massage or manipulate a client’s scalp if you detect the presence of _____.
abrasions
During the shampoo procedure, apply small quantities of shampoo to the hair beginning at the _____.
hairline
When manipulating the scalp during a shampoo, begin at the front hairline and work in a(n) _____.
back-and-forth movement
