Haemotology Flashcards
Causes of microcytic anaemia?
Iron deficiency Chronic disease Thalassemia Sideroblastic anaemia
Causes of macrocytic anaemia?
Vitamin b12 Folate Excess alcohol Reticulocytosis Hypothyroidism Myeloma Myeloproliferative disorder Myelodysplasia Aplastic anaemia
Causes of Normocytic anemia?
Chronic disease Haemolytic anaemia Acute blood loss Marrow infiltrate
Vitamin b12 test?
Schilling test
What is a schumm test?
The Schumm test (shoom) is a blood test [1] that uses spectroscopy to determine significant levels of methemalbumin in the blood. A positive result could indicate intravascular hemolysis. The Schumm test was named for Otto Schumm, a German chemist who lived in the early 20th century.[2] A positive test result occurs when the haptoglobin binding capacity of the blood is saturated, leading to heme released from cell free hemoglobin to bind to albumin.
Aquired haemolytic anaemia?
Immune Autoimmune warm type Autoimmune cold type Transfusion reaction Haemolytic disease of the newborn Adverse drug event Non-immune Malaria Microangiopathic anaemia Hypersplenism Mechanical heart valve Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobonuria Burns
Inherited haemolytic anaemia?
Abnormal red cell membrane Spherocytes Elliptocytes Abnormal haemoglobin Thalassaemia Sickle cell anaemia Abnormal red cell metabolism Pyruvate kinase deficiency Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Apparent polycythemia?
Dehydration Gaissbock syndrome
True (relative) polycythemia ?
Primary Rubra Vera Secondary Hypoxia - lung disease. Cyanotic cardiac disease, chronic smoking. High altitude environment. Excess erythropoietin - adrenal tumour, hepatocellular carcinoma, cerebellar haemangioblastoma, Renal- renal cell carcinoma, poly cystic kidney
Causes of Neutrophilia?
Bacterial infection
inflammation
necrosis
treatment with corticosteroids
malignancy
melyoproliferatice disorders
metabolic disorders eg. renal failure
(BIT MMMN)
Causes of neutropenia?
port-chemo
post-radio
ADR
viral infection
felty syndrome
What is felty syndrome?
The symptoms of Felty’s syndrome are similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis. Patients suffer from painful, stiff, and swollen joints, most commonly in the joints of the hands, feet, and arms. In some affected individuals, Felty’s syndrome may develop during a period when the symptoms and physical findings associated with rheumatoid arthritis have subsided or are not present. In this case, Felty’s syndrome may remain undiagnosed. In more rare instances, the development of Felty’s syndrome may precede the development of the symptoms and physical findings associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
Felty’s syndrome is also characterized by an abnormally enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) and abnormally low levels of certain white blood cells (neutropenia). As a result of neutropenia, affected individuals are increasingly susceptible to certain infections.
Individuals with Felty’s syndrome may also experience fever, weight loss, and/or fatigue. In some cases, affected individuals may have discoloration of the skin, particularly of the leg (abnormal brown pigmentation), sores (ulcers) on the lower leg, and/or an abnormally large liver (hepatomegaly). In addition, affected individuals may have abnormally low levels of circulating red blood cells (anemia), a decrease in circulating blood platelets that assist in blood clotting functions (thrombocytopenia), and/or inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis).[4]
Cause of lymphocytosis?
viral infection
chronic infection
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Lymphoma
Causes of Eosinophilia?
Allergic disorders
parasite infection
hypereosinophillic syndrome
skin disease
malignancy
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Causes of thrombocytosis?
Primary haemotological diseases:
Essential thrombocythaemia and other myeloproliferative disorders
Chronic myeloid leukaemia
Myelodyspasia
Reactive secondary to:
Infection
Inflammation
Malignancy
Bleeding
PRegnancy
Post-Splenomegaly
Causes of thrombocytopenia?
Reduced platelet production due to bone marrow failure:
Infection
drugs
leukaemia
Aplastic anaemia
Myelofibrosis
Bone marrow replacement with tumour
Myelodysplasia
Megoblastic anaemia
Increased platelet destruction:
Immune - AITP, HIT (drug)
Hypersplenism
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/HUS
DIC
Bleeding
Causes of Pancytopenia?
Aplstic anaemia
Bone marrow infiltration
Hypersplenism
Megaloblastic anemia
Sepsis
SLE
Causes of raised ESR?
Infection
Neoplastic disease (myeloma)
Connective tissue diesase (polymyalgia giant cell arteritis)
Anaemia
Renal disease
What is a hypochromic cell?
Pale red cell
causes:
iron deficiency or defective haemoglobin synthesis
What causes pencil cells?
Iron deficency
What causes spherocytes?
Hereditary spherocytosis, Haemolytic anaemia, liver disease
What causes elliptocytosis?
Hereditary elliptocytosis, thalassaemia major, iron deficiency
What causes Acanthocytes?
Abetalipoproteinaemia, post-splenectomy, liver disease
What causes target cells?
Thalassaemia, iron deficiency, post-splenectomy, liver disease
What causes stomatocytes?
(cells with mouth shaped area of pallor)
Hereditary stomatocytosis, high alcool intake, liver disease
Waht causes ecchinocytes?
(blurr cells)
Post-splenectomy, liver disease, uraemia
What causes fragmented cells?
Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, thombotic thombocytoenic purpura, mechanical heart valve, DIC
What causes Tear Cells(dacryocytes)?
Myelofibrosis and other causes of extramedullary haematopoiesis
What causes poikilocytosis?
Iron deficiency
What causes Anisochromia? (varying shades)
Iron deficiency
What causes Heinz bodies?
Unstable haemoglobin states
What cuases howell-jolly bodies?
hyposplenism, post-splenectomy
Whatc auses pappenheimer bodies?
Post-splenectomy, Haemolytic anaemia, siderblastic anaemia,
What causes Basophilic stippling?
Lead poisoning, thalassaemia, myelodysplasia
What causes cabot rings?
Myelodysplasia, megoblastic anaemia
What causes hypersegmented neutrophils?
Megaloblastic anaemias, chronic infection
What causes toxic granulation of neutrophils?
Bacterial infection, poisoning, burns, chemo
What causes Auer rods?
Acute myeloid leukaemia
What causes smear cells?
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Causes of leukoerythroblastic blood film?
Bone marrow infiltration
Idiopathic myelofiborsis
severe sepsis
haemolysis
