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Data Interpretation > Haemotology > Flashcards

Haemotology Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency Chronic disease Thalassemia Sideroblastic anaemia

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2
Q

Causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A

Vitamin b12 Folate Excess alcohol Reticulocytosis Hypothyroidism Myeloma Myeloproliferative disorder Myelodysplasia Aplastic anaemia

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3
Q

Causes of Normocytic anemia?

A

Chronic disease Haemolytic anaemia Acute blood loss Marrow infiltrate

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4
Q

Vitamin b12 test?

A

Schilling test

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5
Q

What is a schumm test?

A

The Schumm test (shoom) is a blood test [1] that uses spectroscopy to determine significant levels of methemalbumin in the blood. A positive result could indicate intravascular hemolysis. The Schumm test was named for Otto Schumm, a German chemist who lived in the early 20th century.[2] A positive test result occurs when the haptoglobin binding capacity of the blood is saturated, leading to heme released from cell free hemoglobin to bind to albumin.

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6
Q

Aquired haemolytic anaemia?

A

Immune Autoimmune warm type Autoimmune cold type Transfusion reaction Haemolytic disease of the newborn Adverse drug event Non-immune Malaria Microangiopathic anaemia Hypersplenism Mechanical heart valve Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobonuria Burns

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7
Q

Inherited haemolytic anaemia?

A

Abnormal red cell membrane Spherocytes Elliptocytes Abnormal haemoglobin Thalassaemia Sickle cell anaemia Abnormal red cell metabolism Pyruvate kinase deficiency Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

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8
Q

Apparent polycythemia?

A

Dehydration Gaissbock syndrome

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9
Q

True (relative) polycythemia ?

A

Primary Rubra Vera Secondary Hypoxia - lung disease. Cyanotic cardiac disease, chronic smoking. High altitude environment. Excess erythropoietin - adrenal tumour, hepatocellular carcinoma, cerebellar haemangioblastoma, Renal- renal cell carcinoma, poly cystic kidney

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10
Q

Causes of Neutrophilia?

A

Bacterial infection

inflammation

necrosis

treatment with corticosteroids

malignancy

melyoproliferatice disorders

metabolic disorders eg. renal failure

(BIT MMMN)

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11
Q

Causes of neutropenia?

A

port-chemo

post-radio

ADR

viral infection

felty syndrome

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12
Q

What is felty syndrome?

A

The symptoms of Felty’s syndrome are similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis. Patients suffer from painful, stiff, and swollen joints, most commonly in the joints of the hands, feet, and arms. In some affected individuals, Felty’s syndrome may develop during a period when the symptoms and physical findings associated with rheumatoid arthritis have subsided or are not present. In this case, Felty’s syndrome may remain undiagnosed. In more rare instances, the development of Felty’s syndrome may precede the development of the symptoms and physical findings associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

Felty’s syndrome is also characterized by an abnormally enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) and abnormally low levels of certain white blood cells (neutropenia). As a result of neutropenia, affected individuals are increasingly susceptible to certain infections.
Individuals with Felty’s syndrome may also experience fever, weight loss, and/or fatigue. In some cases, affected individuals may have discoloration of the skin, particularly of the leg (abnormal brown pigmentation), sores (ulcers) on the lower leg, and/or an abnormally large liver (hepatomegaly). In addition, affected individuals may have abnormally low levels of circulating red blood cells (anemia), a decrease in circulating blood platelets that assist in blood clotting functions (thrombocytopenia), and/or inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis).[4]

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13
Q

Cause of lymphocytosis?

A

viral infection

chronic infection

chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Lymphoma

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14
Q

Causes of Eosinophilia?

A

Allergic disorders

parasite infection

hypereosinophillic syndrome

skin disease

malignancy

allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

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15
Q

Causes of thrombocytosis?

A

Primary haemotological diseases:

Essential thrombocythaemia and other myeloproliferative disorders

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

Myelodyspasia

Reactive secondary to:

Infection

Inflammation

Malignancy

Bleeding

PRegnancy

Post-Splenomegaly

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16
Q

Causes of thrombocytopenia?

A

Reduced platelet production due to bone marrow failure:

Infection

drugs

leukaemia

Aplastic anaemia

Myelofibrosis

Bone marrow replacement with tumour

Myelodysplasia

Megoblastic anaemia

Increased platelet destruction:

Immune - AITP, HIT (drug)

Hypersplenism

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/HUS

DIC

Bleeding

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17
Q

Causes of Pancytopenia?

A

Aplstic anaemia

Bone marrow infiltration

Hypersplenism

Megaloblastic anemia

Sepsis

SLE

18
Q

Causes of raised ESR?

A

Infection

Neoplastic disease (myeloma)

Connective tissue diesase (polymyalgia giant cell arteritis)

Anaemia

Renal disease

19
Q

What is a hypochromic cell?

A

Pale red cell

causes:

iron deficiency or defective haemoglobin synthesis

20
Q

What causes pencil cells?

A

Iron deficency

21
Q

What causes spherocytes?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis, Haemolytic anaemia, liver disease

22
Q

What causes elliptocytosis?

A

Hereditary elliptocytosis, thalassaemia major, iron deficiency

23
Q

What causes Acanthocytes?

A

Abetalipoproteinaemia, post-splenectomy, liver disease

24
Q

What causes target cells?

A

Thalassaemia, iron deficiency, post-splenectomy, liver disease

25
Q

What causes stomatocytes?

(cells with mouth shaped area of pallor)

A

Hereditary stomatocytosis, high alcool intake, liver disease

26
Q

Waht causes ecchinocytes?

(blurr cells)

A

Post-splenectomy, liver disease, uraemia

27
Q

What causes fragmented cells?

A

Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, thombotic thombocytoenic purpura, mechanical heart valve, DIC

28
Q

What causes Tear Cells(dacryocytes)?

A

Myelofibrosis and other causes of extramedullary haematopoiesis

29
Q

What causes poikilocytosis?

A

Iron deficiency

30
Q

What causes Anisochromia? (varying shades)

A

Iron deficiency

31
Q

What causes Heinz bodies?

A

Unstable haemoglobin states

32
Q

What cuases howell-jolly bodies?

A

hyposplenism, post-splenectomy

33
Q

Whatc auses pappenheimer bodies?

A

Post-splenectomy, Haemolytic anaemia, siderblastic anaemia,

34
Q

What causes Basophilic stippling?

A

Lead poisoning, thalassaemia, myelodysplasia

35
Q

What causes cabot rings?

A

Myelodysplasia, megoblastic anaemia

36
Q

What causes hypersegmented neutrophils?

A

Megaloblastic anaemias, chronic infection

37
Q

What causes toxic granulation of neutrophils?

A

Bacterial infection, poisoning, burns, chemo

38
Q

What causes Auer rods?

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia

39
Q

What causes smear cells?

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

40
Q

Causes of leukoerythroblastic blood film?

A

Bone marrow infiltration

Idiopathic myelofiborsis

severe sepsis

haemolysis

Data Interpretation (6 decks)

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