Biochemistry Flashcards
Evaluate someone with hyponatraemia?
Add pic from 2nx page here
Causes of hypernatraemia?
Diabetes insipidus
Poor water intake
Excess iv sodium
Excess sodium from dtugs
Causes of hypokalaemia?
Diuretics Excess vomiting Diarrhoea Fistula Renal tubular acidosis Hyperaldosteronism Metabolic acidosis
Causes of hyperkalaemia?
Renal failure Excess potassium Potassium sparing diuretics Rhabdomyolysis Hypoadrenalism Diabetic ketoacidosis Haemolysis of blood sample in transit
Creating clearance?
Creating clearance=(Urine creatine x urine flow rate)/plasma creatine
Age creatine clearance?
Clearance = ((140-age) x mass) / (72 x plasma creatine)
Plasma osmalarity?
Osmolarity = 2x (na + k) + urea + glucose
Pre renal uraemia path?
Normal renal regulatory mech, ren-angio system. Sodium is low.
Acute tubular necrosis path?
Normal path mechanism break down. Sodium is high
Components if bone profile?
Calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphate, albumin
Parathyroid hormone does?
Increases calcium re-absorption from bone
Increased renal calcium reabsorption
Increased renal excretion of phosphate
Indirectly increasing absorption of calcium from the gut via effects on vitamin D
Major metabolic disease
Osteoporosis, bony mets, hyperparathyoidism, osteomalacia, pagets bone disease
Diseases calc, phosphate and alp levels?
Add pic
Causes of hypercalcaemia?
Bone mets, multiple myeloma, hyperparathyoidism, excess vit D intake
Components of lft?
Bilirubin Aspartate aminotransferase Alanine aminotransferase Alkaline phosphate Glutamyl transpeptidase Albumin
Common tests?
Add pic from page 71
Causes of hepatic lft’s?
Viral hep Autoimmune hep Drugs and toxins Alcohol Wilsons Fatty liver Malignancy Congestive heart failure
Causes of cholestatic lft?
Obstruction in the bike duct lumen:
- bile duct gallstone
An abnormal bile duct wall:
- bile duct structure
- cholangiocarcinoma
Compression of the bike duct by an extrinsic lesion:
- pancreatic carcinoma
- nodes at the porta hepatis
- ampulla carcinoma
Causes of raised esr and normal crp?
Sle
Multiple myeloma
Urate production?
Produced from purines, excreted by kidneys. High irate causes gout
Tumor markers?
Add pic from page 76
Sweat test used for?
Cftr
Loss of na
False positive sweat test by?
Adrenal insufficiency
Anorexia
Coeliac disease
Hypothyroidism
