Endocrinology Flashcards
Thyrotrophin releasing hormone is released from the?
Hypothalamus
Thyroid stimulating hormone is released from the?
Pituitary gland
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine is released from the?
Thyroid gland
T4 and T3 binds to??
Thyroid binding globulin
What is sick euthyroid syndrome??
Intercurrent illness with euthyroid ism
Summary of hormone changes?
Add pic pg 143 here
Variations in tbg levels?
High - high oestrogen, and hypothyroidism
Low - high corticosteroids levels
Protein deficiency states: low intake (malnutrition); low synthesis (chronic liver disease); increased losses (nephrotic syndrome). Thyrotoxicosis
Corticotrophin releasing hormone released from?
Hypothalamus
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone released from?
Pituitary gland
ACTH acts on the?
Adrenal cortex releasing glucocorticoids
Causes of endogenous?
Primary adrenal disease - adrenal Tumor (adenoma or carcinoma)
ACTH - from the pituitary gland
From an ACTH producing Tumor
How to diagnose Cushing syndrome?
- Free cortisol in a 24 hour urine collection
- Measure cortisol in a late night salivary sample
- Perform a 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test
- Perform a 2mg 48 hour dexamethasone suppression test (low-dose dexamethasone suppression test)
Normal aldosterone:renin ratio is?
~30
What is a short sync then test?
ACTH test used to stimulate adrenal gland
Differentiate between psychogenic pplydipsis and diabetes insipidus?
Water deprivation test
2 forms of diabetes insipidus?
Cranial nephrogenic
Siadh
Excess adh. Caused by:
Intrathoracic- infection, Tumor
Intercranial cause - infection, Tumor, head injury
Medication - carbamazepine, antipsychotics
Siadh criteria?
- Clinically isovolaemic
- Normal renal function
- Normal adrenal function
- Normal thyroid function
- Normal pituitary function
- Absence of diuretic therapy
- Low serum osmolality (100 mosml/kg)
Causes of hyperprolactinaemia?
Physiological: pregnancy, lactation
Prolactin-secreting pituitary Tumor
Medication: phenothiazine, most antiemetics
Pcos
Following seizures
Primary hypothyroidism
Symptoms of diabetes mellitis?
Polyuria Polydipsia Weight loss Fatigue Blurring vision Symptoms related to a complication of diabetes such as cutaneous abscess
Normal glucose ranges?
Fasting plasma - normal <7.8 impaired 7.8-11
Acromegaly diagnosis?
> 1 gh level
Causes of hypoglycaemia?
Imbalance between insulin and calorie intake in type 1 diabetes,
Excess exogenous insulin administration
As a side effect of anti hyperglycaemic medication
Insulinoma
Liver failure
Alcohol ingestion
