Haemotological malignancies (intro) Flashcards
Which sex is more commonly affected by haematological malignancy?
Male
What cells get lymphoid malignancies?
B-cell
T-cell
What cells get myeloid malignancies?
Red
Platelets
Granulocytes
Monocytes
If cells are blocked from differentiating and stay in bone marrow and occurs in myeloid lineage, what kind of leukaemia is that?
Acute myeloid leukaemia
If there is excess proliferation but differentiation maintained in the myeloid lineage e.g. over production of mature cells, what kind of leukaemia is that?
Myeloproliferative disorders
If cells are blocked from differentiating and stay in bone marrow and occurs in lymphoid lineage, what kind of leukaemia is that?
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
What is the most common leukaemia of childhood?
ALL
If there is excess proliferation but differentiation maintained in the lymphoid lineage e.g. over production of mature cells, what kinds of leukaemia can be had?
Chronic lymphocystic leukaemia (CLL)
Lymphoma/CLL
Multiple myeloma (MM)
What are key points about acute leukaemia?
- Leukaemia cells do not differentiate
- Bone marrow failure
- Rapidly fatal if untreated
- Good prognosis if treated
What are key points about chronic leukaemia?
- Leukaemia cells retain ability to differentiate
- Proliferation without bone marrow failure
- Survival for few years
- Potentially curable
Where in the lymph node are immature B lymphocytes programmed to respond to antigens?
Germinal centre
What is the process of B cell maturation?
Progenitor B cell -> Pre-B cell -> immature B cell -> naive B cell -> memory B cell or plasma cell
Where does B cell maturation happen?
Bone marrow
Where does naive B cell go?
Germinal centre of lymph node
What is the potential diagnosis if lymphadenopathy: localised and painful?
Bacterial infection in draining site
What is the potential diagnosis if lymphadenopathy: localised and painless?
Rare infection: TB
Metastatic carcinoma from draining site - site hard
Lymphoma - rubbery
Reactive, no cause identified
What is the potential diagnosis if lymphadenopathy: generalised and painful/tender?
Viral infections e.g. EBV, CMV, hepatitis, HIV
What is the potential diagnosis if lymphadenopathy: generalised and painless?
Lymphoma Leukaemia Connective tissue diseases Reactive, no cause identified Drugs
What are the ways in which lymphoma can present?
Nodal disease
Extranodal disease
Systemic symptoms
What are B symptoms in lymphoma?
Fever
Drenching sweats
Weight loss
What is a specific sign when drinking of Hodgkins lymphoma?
Burning in neck lymph node when drinking alcohol
What are systemic symptoms of lymphoma?
Fever Drenching sweats Weight loss (B symptoms) Pruritis Fatigue
What are the major groups of haematological malignancies?
Acute leukamias:
- Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
- Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
Chronic leukaemias:
- Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
- Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
Malignant lymphomas:
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
- Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)
Multiple myeloma
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)
Chronic myeloproliferative diseases
