Haemotological malignancies (intro)

Question 1

Which sex is more commonly affected by haematological malignancy?

Answer 1

Male

Question 2

What cells get lymphoid malignancies?

Answer 2

B-cell

T-cell

Question 3

What cells get myeloid malignancies?

Answer 3

Red
Platelets
Granulocytes
Monocytes

Question 4

If cells are blocked from differentiating and stay in bone marrow and occurs in myeloid lineage, what kind of leukaemia is that?

Answer 4

Acute myeloid leukaemia

Question 5

If there is excess proliferation but differentiation maintained in the myeloid lineage e.g. over production of mature cells, what kind of leukaemia is that?

Answer 5

Myeloproliferative disorders

Question 6

If cells are blocked from differentiating and stay in bone marrow and occurs in lymphoid lineage, what kind of leukaemia is that?

Answer 6

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Question 7

What is the most common leukaemia of childhood?

Answer 7

ALL

Question 8

If there is excess proliferation but differentiation maintained in the lymphoid lineage e.g. over production of mature cells, what kinds of leukaemia can be had?

Answer 8

Chronic lymphocystic leukaemia (CLL)
Lymphoma/CLL
Multiple myeloma (MM)

Question 9

What are key points about acute leukaemia?

Answer 9

• Leukaemia cells do not differentiate
• Bone marrow failure
• Rapidly fatal if untreated
• Good prognosis if treated

Question 10

What are key points about chronic leukaemia?

Answer 10

• Leukaemia cells retain ability to differentiate
• Proliferation without bone marrow failure
• Survival for few years
• Potentially curable

Question 11

Where in the lymph node are immature B lymphocytes programmed to respond to antigens?

Answer 11

Germinal centre

Question 12

What is the process of B cell maturation?

Answer 12

Progenitor B cell -> Pre-B cell -> immature B cell -> naive B cell -> memory B cell or plasma cell

Question 13

Where does B cell maturation happen?

Answer 13

Bone marrow

Question 14

Where does naive B cell go?

Answer 14

Germinal centre of lymph node

Question 15

What is the potential diagnosis if lymphadenopathy: localised and painful?

Answer 15

Bacterial infection in draining site

Question 16

What is the potential diagnosis if lymphadenopathy: localised and painless?

Answer 16

Rare infection: TB
Metastatic carcinoma from draining site - site hard
Lymphoma - rubbery
Reactive, no cause identified

Question 17

What is the potential diagnosis if lymphadenopathy: generalised and painful/tender?

Answer 17

Viral infections e.g. EBV, CMV, hepatitis, HIV

Question 18

What is the potential diagnosis if lymphadenopathy: generalised and painless?

Answer 18

Lymphoma
Leukaemia
Connective tissue diseases
Reactive, no cause identified
Drugs

Question 19

What are the ways in which lymphoma can present?

Answer 19

Nodal disease
Extranodal disease
Systemic symptoms

Question 20

What are B symptoms in lymphoma?

Answer 20

Fever
Drenching sweats
Weight loss

Question 21

What is a specific sign when drinking of Hodgkins lymphoma?

Answer 21

Burning in neck lymph node when drinking alcohol

Question 22

What are systemic symptoms of lymphoma?

Answer 22

Fever
Drenching sweats
Weight loss
(B symptoms)
Pruritis
Fatigue

Question 23

What are the major groups of haematological malignancies?

Answer 23

Acute leukamias:

• Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
• Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)

Chronic leukaemias:

• Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
• Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)

Malignant lymphomas:

• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
• Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)

Multiple myeloma
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)
Chronic myeloproliferative diseases