Haematology intro Flashcards
What is in plasma?
Clotting/coagulation factors
Albumin
Antibodies
What is in the buffy coat
Platelets
White cells/leukocytes
What are the 3 main categories of blood components?
Plasma
Buffy coat
RBCs
What are the main functions of blood?
Transport
Maintenance of vascular integrity
Protection from pathogens
How does blood maintain its vascular integrity?
Prevention of leaks - platelets and clotting
factors
What cell type is precursor to RBCs?
Reticulocyte
What are examples of leukocytes?
Neutrophils Monocytes Basophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes
What are example of myeloid cells?
Erythrocytes Platelets Neutrophils Monocytes Basophils Eosinophils ALL cell types from bone marrow EXCEPT lymphocytes
What are the stages of erythroid differentiation?
Erythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte
What is a measure of red cell production?
Reticulocyte count
What is made in the kidney in response to hypoxia?
Erythropoietin
What are the ways you can have anaemia?
Decreased production
Increased loss
What is a congenital way you can have anaemia?
Thalassamias
What are the types of red cells?
Microcytes, macrocytes
What is platelet production regulated by?
Thrombopoietin
Where is thrombopoietin produced?
Liver
What is the function of neutrophils?
Ingest and destroy pathogens
Which pathogens in particular do neutrophils ingest?
Bacteria and fungi
What is the maturation of a neutrophil?
Blast -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> metamyelocyte -> neutrophil
What is neutrophil production regulated by?
G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor)
When would you get neutropenia?
Decreased production - drugs/marrow failure
Increased consumption - sepsis/autoimmune
Altered function
What can monocytes become?
Macrophages or dendritic cells
What do too many lymphocytes indicate?
Virus
What can mistakes in early B-cell maturation cause?
Lymphoblastic diseases
HLA Class II only displays antigens that have what?
Been eaten by APC (antigen presenting cells)
What is the normal level haemoglobin in males?
135-170
What is the normal haemoglobin level in females?
120-160
What is the normal platelet level value?
150-400
What is the normal WBC level value?
4-10
What are examples of diagnostic tools?
FBC Clotting times for clotting factors and platelets Chemical assays: iron, B12, folate Marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy Lymph node biopsy Imaging
