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Haematology/immunology > Haematology intro > Flashcards

Haematology intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is in plasma?

A

Clotting/coagulation factors
Albumin
Antibodies

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2
Q

What is in the buffy coat

A

Platelets

White cells/leukocytes

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3
Q

What are the 3 main categories of blood components?

A

Plasma
Buffy coat
RBCs

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4
Q

What are the main functions of blood?

A

Transport
Maintenance of vascular integrity
Protection from pathogens

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5
Q

How does blood maintain its vascular integrity?

A

Prevention of leaks - platelets and clotting

factors

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6
Q

What cell type is precursor to RBCs?

A

Reticulocyte

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7
Q

What are examples of leukocytes?

A 
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
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8
Q

What are example of myeloid cells?

A 
Erythrocytes
Platelets
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
ALL cell types from bone marrow EXCEPT lymphocytes
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9
Q

What are the stages of erythroid differentiation?

A

Erythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte

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10
Q

What is a measure of red cell production?

A

Reticulocyte count

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11
Q

What is made in the kidney in response to hypoxia?

A

Erythropoietin

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12
Q

What are the ways you can have anaemia?

A

Decreased production

Increased loss

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13
Q

What is a congenital way you can have anaemia?

A

Thalassamias

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14
Q

What are the types of red cells?

A

Microcytes, macrocytes

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15
Q

What is platelet production regulated by?

A

Thrombopoietin

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16
Q

Where is thrombopoietin produced?

A

Liver

17
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Ingest and destroy pathogens

18
Q

Which pathogens in particular do neutrophils ingest?

A

Bacteria and fungi

19
Q

What is the maturation of a neutrophil?

A

Blast -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> metamyelocyte -> neutrophil

20
Q

What is neutrophil production regulated by?

A

G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor)

21
Q

When would you get neutropenia?

A

Decreased production - drugs/marrow failure

Increased consumption - sepsis/autoimmune

Altered function

22
Q

What can monocytes become?

A

Macrophages or dendritic cells

23
Q

What do too many lymphocytes indicate?

A

Virus

24
Q

What can mistakes in early B-cell maturation cause?

A

Lymphoblastic diseases

25
Q

HLA Class II only displays antigens that have what?

A

Been eaten by APC (antigen presenting cells)

26
Q

What is the normal level haemoglobin in males?

A

135-170

27
Q

What is the normal haemoglobin level in females?

A

120-160

28
Q

What is the normal platelet level value?

A

150-400

29
Q

What is the normal WBC level value?

A

4-10

30
Q

What are examples of diagnostic tools?

A 
FBC
Clotting times for clotting factors and platelets
Chemical assays: iron, B12, folate
Marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy
Lymph node biopsy
Imaging

Haematology/immunology (18 decks)

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