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P2 NEURO > Haemorrhage > Flashcards

Haemorrhage Flashcards

1
Q

What structures line the brain? (3)

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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2
Q

What vessels are affected in an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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3
Q

What vessels are affected in a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Bridging veins

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4
Q

What vessels are affected in a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Circle of Willis

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5
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Spontaneous bleeding into the subarachnoid space

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6
Q

What is the main cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Berry aneurysm rupture

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of subarachnoid haemorrhage? (4)

A
  • Sudden onset ‘thunderclap’ headache
  • Pain 10/10
  • Vomiting
  • Lowered consciousness/ coma
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8
Q

What are the signs of subarachnoid haemorrhage? (3)

A
  • Kernig’s sign
  • Brudzinksi’s sign
  • Retinal bleeds
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9
Q

How would you investigate subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Urgent non-contrast CT head

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10
Q

How would you treat subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Neurosurgery immediately

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11
Q

What is a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding into subdural space due to rupture of bridging veins

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12
Q

What are the causes of subdural haemorrhage? (2)

A

RTA

Metastasis

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13
Q

What does haematoma formation lead to in a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Haematoma is hyperosmotic –> water is drawn in from the brain causing raised ICP and midline shift

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of subdural haemorrhage? (3)

A
  • Fluctuating consciousness
  • Headache
  • Gradual deterioration
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15
Q

How would you investigate subdural haemorrhage?

A

Non-contrast CT head

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16
Q

How would a subdural haemorrhage appear on CT?

A

Crescent-shaped collection of blood

17
Q

How would you manage subdural haemorrhage? (2)

A

Neurosurgeon - irrigation

IV mannitol

18
Q

What is an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Rapid collection of blood in the extradural space due to middle meningeal artery rupture

19
Q

What is the thinnest and therefore weakest part of the skull? Why is this important?

A

Pterion

Middle meningeal artery lies behind it

20
Q

What is the cause of extradural haemorrhage?

A

Head injury –> skull fracture

21
Q

What are the symptoms of extradural haemorrhage? (3)

A
  • Decreased consciousness
  • Signs of raised ICP
  • LUCID INTERVAL, then unconscious
22
Q

How would you investigate extradural haemorrhage?

A

Non-contrast CT head

23
Q

How would an extradural haemorrhage appear on CT? (2)

A

Biconvex/ lentiform

Hyperdense haematoma

24
Q

How would you manage extradural haemorrhage? (2)

A

Neurosurgeon - irrigation

IV mannitol

25
Q

What are the differences between subdural and extradural haemorrhages? (2)

A

Subdural:

  • Crosses the suture line
  • Venous blood

Extradural:

  • Doesn’t cross the suture line
  • Arterial blood

P2 NEURO (13 decks)

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