Haemopoiesis

Question 1

What is a Hematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 1

multipotent, self-renewing progenitor cells that develop from mesodermal hemangioblast cells. All differentiated blood cells from the lymphoid and myeloid lineages arise from HSCs. Found in adult bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood

Question 2

What are the 5 types of WBC?

Answer 2

Lymphocytes, first line killers –> eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes

Question 3

What is fibrin?

Answer 3

key protein in blood clots

Question 4

What is a haemoglobin molecule made up of?

Answer 4

2 alpha, 2 beta chains, 4 haem groups, 4 iron atoms

Question 5

Name the hematopoietic sites through development

Answer 5

York sac, liver, spleen, bone marrow

Question 6

What is pancytopenia?

Answer 6

Reduced RBCs, WBCs, platelets

Question 7

What is the role of a B cell?

Answer 7

Ab production

Question 8

Name the function of a T cell?

Answer 8

Recognise foreign proteins, activate other cells, directly kill, Inhibit immune response

Question 9

What does an NK cell do?

Answer 9

Stimulate virally infected/cancer cells to self-destruct

Question 10

What is the function of a platelet?

Answer 10

Primary plug, surface for clotting factors to make the definitive fibrin clot

Question 11

Where do platelets come from?

Answer 11

Megakaryocyte breaks of little pieces

Question 12

Describe CML

Answer 12

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia = Philadelphia chromosome = bone marrow makes too many white blood cells

Question 13

What regulates the production of platelets?

Answer 13

Thrombopoietin: also know as megakaryocyte growth and development factors

Question 14

How is RBC production regulated?

Answer 14

Kidneys produce erythropoietin in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues

Question 15

What regulates the proliferation of lymphocytes?

Answer 15

Interleukins

Question 16

What is the name given to an immature RBC?

Answer 16

Reticulocyte

Question 17

What is the lifespan of a RBC?

Answer 17

120 days

Question 18

What is anaemia?

Answer 18

Deficiency of RBCs or haemoglobin

Question 19

Describe the structure of a RBC

Answer 19

Biconcave shape, lipid bilayer (flexible), no nucleus, no organelles

Question 20

List the types of WBC

Answer 20

Eosinophil, lymphocyte, neutrophil, basophils, monocytes

Question 21

Name the APCs

Answer 21

Macrophages/monocytes, dendritic, B cells

Question 22

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 22

The movement of a motile cell or organism corresponding the the gradient of increasing or decreasing conc of a particular substance

Question 23

Which cells are lymphocytes?

Answer 23

B cell, T cells

Question 24

What is an NK cell?

Answer 24

Stimulate sick cells (cancer, viruses) to self-destruct: apoptosis

Question 25

What is a dendritic cell?

Answer 25

APC to educate T cells, messenger between innate and adaptive immune system

Question 26

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 26

Involved in the inflammatory process, kills parasites

Question 27

What is the role of a B cell?

Answer 27

Lymphocyte, APC, produces antibodies

Question 28

What is a T cell?

Answer 28

Lymphocyte, recognise foreign proteins, active neutrophils, monocytes and B cells

Question 29

Describe what a macrophage is

Answer 29

Called a monocytes when in the blood, APC, first line defence, phagocyte

Question 30

What is a basophil?

Answer 30

Involved in the inflammation response (particularly allergic) = contain histamine, anticoagulant = contain heparin

Question 31

Describe the role of a neutrophil

Answer 31

First line defence immune cell, most abundant WBC

Question 32

What is heparin?

Answer 32

Found in basophils, anticoagulant = inactivates thrombin therefore preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 33

What is histamine ?

Answer 33

Released by basophils and mast cells in response to injury/allergy/inflammation = dilation of capillaries, increased permeability of capillaries to WBCs and some proteins

Question 34

Which cells are phagocytic?

Answer 34

Neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, B cells

Question 35

Which cells are granulocytes?

Answer 35

Characterised by presence of granules in cytoplasm: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

Question 36

What name is given to a rise in RBCs?

Answer 36

Polycythaemia

Question 37

A reduction in WBCs is called?

Answer 37

Leukopenia

Question 38

A rise in WBCs is called?

Answer 38

Leukaemia

Question 39

What is thrombocythemia?

Answer 39

Rise in the number of platelets

Question 40

What is the name given to a deficiency in platelets?

Answer 40

Thrombocytopenia