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Body Logistics > Haemopoeisis - 14 > Flashcards

Haemopoeisis - 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemopoeisis? (Haematopoeisis)

A

The production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow

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2
Q

Why are stem cells very useful?

A

Each stem cell has to potential to differentiate into many different type of cells, they have the ability to self replicate, and are the cells that make up the bone marrow, blood

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3
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death (up to 40% can undergo this)

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4
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

The process of forming erythrocytes

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5
Q

What is an erythropoietin?

A

One of the hormones included in the regulation of haemopoeises,
It is a Glycoprotein produced by the kidney, it is made in the liver at fatal life and then taken over by the kidney at birth.

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6
Q

What is the life span of RBCs and where are they taken up? (Degraded)

A

Life span 120 days
Degraded by liver and spleen
-The liver and spleen also take up all the abnormal ones ( can causes large liver and spleen)

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7
Q

What is the main function of red blood cells?

A 
Gas exchange 
(1 cell has the ability to take up 1 billion molecules of oxygen)
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8
Q

How long does it take a RBC to travel round the whole body?

A

20ms

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9
Q

How are RBCs specialised for their function?

A 
Bi concave shape
No nucleus (maximise O2 affinity)
No mitochondria (so no oxygen to be used up)
Contain haemoglobin (increases O2 affinity)
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10
Q

What does ‘blast’ indicate?

A

An immature cell - the bone marrow is full of them.

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11
Q

How are erythrocytes produced from erythroblasts?

A

They erythroblasts contains a large nucleus which has a lot of RNA, as you go down the chain the couloir gets lighter as the RNA is leaving the cell.
Eventually you reach the nucleus extrusion point which leaves you with a reticulocyte which becomes a RBC

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12
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

They’re the final stage before the red blood cells, they are slightly bigger than RBCs, they have no nucleus but still have RNA.
They are important because if you see a patient with a high level of reticulocytes it can show there has been a large amount of blood loss, because the bone marrow is starting produce more RBC which starts with reticulocytes.

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13
Q

What does hypoxia mean?

A

Low oxygen

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14
Q

How does the body compensate for blood loss?

A

The liver senses hypoxia in tissue, and signals the kidney to release erythropoietin to increase the release of RBC.

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15
Q

How is apoptosis controlled?

A

The erythropoietin prevents programmed cell death, to increase the amount of RBCs being released into the blood.

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16
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
(They all come from the myeloid blast)

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of white blood cells?

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Granulocytes

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18
Q

Why have granulocytes/polymorphs got this name?

A

Granulocytes - because they have granuals in their cytoplasm which is linked to function
Polymorphs - they have multiple lobes on their nucleus

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19
Q

What is the general role of granulocytes?

A

To cause inflammation by releasing cytokines

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20
Q

Which are the most common granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils (60%) and are the largest

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21
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

They are often the first responder to bacteria out of the granulocytes

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22
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The processes of pathogens being engulfed and destroyed

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23
Q

What are neutrophil extracellular traps?

A

Chromatid nets, which the neutrophil sends out which will capture multiple bacterium to keep them in one place to aid phagocytosis.

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24
Q

What is a respiratory burst?

A

The process by which the DNA of certain bacteria will be damaged, the cause cell death.

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25
Q

What is GCFS?

A

A chemical message release in response to inflammation or infection, to increase the number of circulating neutrophils and how quickly they are matured.
It gets released by immune cells.

26
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Release histamine to trigger inflammation, it causes vasodilation of blood vessels to increase blood flow

27
Q

What is the structure of a basophils nucleus?

A

It has a bi lobe nucleus

28
Q

What is heparin?

A

A blood thinner

29
Q

Why do basophils release heparin?

A

To lower viscosity of the blood and reduce the risk of clots, when there is an increased blood supply.

30
Q

What do basophils stain with?

A

A basin dye

31
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Aid phagocytosis and are present in inflammation and allergy.
Specific role in fighting parasitic worms

32
Q

What do patients with asthma often have a high level of?

A

Eosinophils

33
Q

What do eosinophils contain?

A

A protein called anti-helminths, which fights against parasitic worms

34
Q

What does eosinophilic mean?

A

Acid loving

35
Q

When do monocytes become macrophages?

A

They are monocytes in the blood and become macrophages when they enter the tissue (same thing but different location)

36
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

They are a first line of defence in the tissue
They phagosotise the most
And take up apoptic cells
Take in cell debris

37
Q

What do macrophages do after phagocytosis?

A

They will take the antigen of the pathogen and present it to lymphocytes to raise an immune response

38
Q

What do macrophages look like?

A

They are the largest of the white blood cells, and have a horse shoe shape

39
Q

What does thrombopoeitin do?

A

Increases the number of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood

40
Q

What is the main function of platelets?

A

Do stop bleeding (haemostasis)

41
Q

What is the structure of thrombocytes?

A

They have a biconvex shape and contain no nucleus, they have a large amount of ribosomes which are filled with clotting factors and enzymes/ proteins
Have specialised receptors on the outside

42
Q

What do the specialised receptors on the outside of platelets do?

A

Help platelets stick together and stop vessels bleeding too much

43
Q

What is a megakaryocyte?

A

It is a large cell, in the process of forming platelets, the breakdown of this cell forms the platelets.
The megakaryocytes level in the blood is increased by thrombopoeitin.
(1 megakaryocyte= ~3000 platelets)

44
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

45
Q

What is the main function of B lymphocytes?

A

Involved in the production of antibodies
(1 B cell produces a specific antibody for each antigen)
Causes natural immunity

46
Q

What does humoural mean?

A

It is the liquid part of the blood (eg. Antibodies)

47
Q

Where are B lymphocytes found?

A

Mainly in the bone marrow but can also be stored in the spleen, intestines and in lymph nodes (these are secondary lymph node organs)

48
Q

What is the proportion of B and T lymphocytes?

A

80% - T lymphocytes

20% - B lymphocytes

49
Q

What are neoplastic cells?

A

These are cancerous cells

50
Q

What do T lymphocytes do?

A

Kill virus infected cells, in neoplastic cells and transplanted cells

51
Q

How is organ rejection controlled after a transplant?

A

The patient is given immunosuppressants to stop the T lymphocytes from fighting the organ

52
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

bacteria and virus cells within the blood ( rather tHan humeral component of the blood) this is controlled by T lymphocytes

53
Q

What do T lymphocytes relapse to activate B lymphocytes?

A

Interleukin 4

54
Q

What is the structure of T lymphocytes?

A

They have a large nucleus with a very thin layer of cytoplasm around the outside!
(Can’t distinguish between B and T cells)

55
Q

What activates T lymphocytes?

A

Interleukin 4

56
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

In the thymus

57
Q

Where do are T cells stored?

A

Secondary lymph node organs - tonsils, appendix, spleen

58
Q

What makes up the majority of the circulating body?

A

The plasma - this is the water component

59
Q

What does the plasma contain?

A

Water, proteins, glucose, sodium, potassiums, hormones
(Extracellular)
Carries antibodies

60
Q

What does albumen do?

A

Generates on oncotic pressure

Produced in the liver along with clotting factors

61
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Serum is your plasma minus the clotting factors

Body Logistics (3 decks)

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